Table 2.

Synthesis of natural materials for tissue engineering applications using ASCs.

Materials	Properties	Principal uses	References
Decellularized human adipose tissue extracellular matrix (hDAM)	Maintains the major adipose tissue ECM components and 3D structure and includes collagen, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and and vascular endothelial growth factor but lacks major histocompatibility complex antigen I	Adipose tissue engineering	[12]
Acellular cartilage matrices (ACMs)	Ideal 3D structure and physicochemical properties and good biocompatibility	Cartilage tissue engineering	[112]
Liver decellularized extracellular matrix (DCM)	Preserves macroscopic 3D architecture and the native composition, and ultrastructure remains a viscous liquid at low temperatures (at or under room temperature) and becomes gelation at 37°C	Liver tissue engineering	[113]
Paper-based bioactive scaffold	Microfibrous porous 3D architecture and biocompatible, cost-effective, mechanical robustness and water resistance	Bone tissue engineering	[117]
Hyaluronic acid scaffold	Biocompatibility, nonimmunogenicity, high hygroscopicity, and capacity to degrade into safe products	Muscle tissue engineering	[121]
Collagen	Nontoxic, biocompatible, and bioabsorbable, and it is FDA approved for use in humans	Adipose regeneration and adipose tissue engineering	[122, 124, 125]
Matrigel	Natural polymer and biocompatible	Adipose tissue engineering	[128]
Chitosan	Biodegradable, biocompatible, and an excellent hemostatic and analgesic agent with antioxidant properties	Skin reconstruction and skin tissue engineering	[128, 129]