Table 1. Characteristics between patients with and without severe BG-EPVS.
| Severe BG-EPVS(n = 89) | Controls(n = 178) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, a years | 76 (67, 79) | 76 (67, 79) | 0.922 |
| Sex, male | 49 (55.1%) | 98 (55.1%) | 1.000 |
| Vascular risk factors | |||
| Hypertension | 70 (78.7%) | 121 (68.0%) | 0.068 |
| Diabetes | 26 (29.2%) | 58 (32.6%) | 0.576 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 18 (20.2%) | 28 (15.7%) | 0.359 |
| Coronary heart disease | 15 (16.9%) | 35 (19.7%) | 0.579 |
| Stroke or TIA | 32 (36.0%) | 51 (28.7%) | 0.224 |
| Smoking | 29 (32.6%) | 78 (43.8%) | 0.077 |
| Alcohol use | 19 (21.3%) | 46 (25.8%) | 0.420 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 153.66 ± 20.45 | 153.29 ± 20.34 | 0.887 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 86.20 ± 13.03 | 82.61 ± 11.35 | 0.021 b |
| NIHSS at admission a | 2 (1, 5) | 2.5 (1, 4) | 0.762 |
| Laboratory tests | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 135.66 ± 17.58 | 133.74 ± 13.86 | 0.369 |
| Platelets, 109/L | 194.91 ± 55.66 | 207.73 ± 59.74 | 0.092 |
| Triglyceride, a mmol/L | 1.15 (0.82, 1.64) | 1.17 (0.89, 1.68) | 0.596 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.53 ± 1.14 | 4.64 ± 1.02 | 0.393 |
| Low density lipoprotein, mmol/L | 2.50 ± 0.79 | 2.58 ± 0.69 | 0.397 |
| High density lipoprotein, a mmol/L | 1.26 (1.06, 1.57) | 1.28 (1.05, 1.51) | 0.893 |
| Plasma fibrinogen, mg/dL | 301.83 ± 60.70 | 296.11 ± 68.05 | 0.503 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, a % | 6.0 (5.7, 6.45) | 6.1 (5.8, 7.3) | 0.044 b |
| Homocysteine, a μmol/L | 17 (14.95, 20.50) | 16 (14, 20) | 0.123 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, a mmol/L | 4.8 (4, 6) | 4.8 (4.1, 6.3) | 0.398 |
| Serum creatinine, a μmol/L | 81.6 (69.2, 93.45) | 83.2 (66.5, 99.1) | 0.343 |
| Proteinuria (positive) | 7 (7.9%) | 11 (6.2%) | 0.605 |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | 285.86 ± 77.88 | 282.23 ± 87.86 | 0.741 |
| Infarct size (DWI), a mm | 12.18 (10.08, 14.98) | 10.07 (8.38, 14.16) | 0.001 b |
| Infarct sites | |||
| Subcortical white matter | 49 (55.1%) | 86(48.3%) | 0.518 |
| Basal ganglia | 13 (14.6%) | 26 (14.6%) | |
| Thalamus | 8 (9%) | 27 (15.2%) | |
| Infratentorial region | 19 (21.3%) | 39 (21.9%) | |
| Total WMH a (Fazekas scale) | 5 (4, 6) | 4 (2, 5) | 0.000 b |
| Mild (0–2) | 9 (10.1%) | 29 (18.8%) | |
| Moderate (3–4) | 25 (28.1%) | 70 (45.5%) | |
| Severe (5–6) | 55 (61.8%) | 55 (35.7%) | |
| Periventricular WMH a (Fazekas scale) | 3 (2, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 0.000 b |
| Deep WMH a (Fazekas scale) | 2 (2, 3) | 1.5 (1, 2) | 0.000 b |
| Brain atrophy a | 4 (2, 5) | 3 (2, 4) | 0.000 b |
| Mild (0–2) | 23 (25.8%) | 77 (43.3%) | |
| Moderate (3–4) | 38 (42.7%) | 86 (48.3%) | |
| Severe (5–6) | 28 (31.5%) | 15 (8.4%) | |
| EPVS in centrum semiovale a | 2 (2, 2.5) | 2 (2, 2) | 0.365 |
BG-EPVS indicates enlarged perivascular spaces in basal ganglia; TIA indicates transient ischemic attack; NIHSS, NIH Stroke Scale; DWI, diffusion weighted imaging; WMH, white matter hyperintensities.
a Continuous variables with non-normal distribution are expressed as median (interquartile range).
b p < 0.05 between patients with and without severe BG-EPVS.