Table 1.
Proportion of ever married women who believe FGM should be discontinued, by background characteristics and over EDHS waves
| Npd/N %pd |
EDHS survey (year) | Ε2 across survey waves | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 2000 | 2003 | 2005 | 2008 | 2014 | ||
| Total | 1882/14769 12.7 % |
2326/15558 15.0 % |
1620/9154 17.7 % |
4536/19461 23.3 % |
4742/16524 28.7 % |
6807/21756 31.3 % |
|
| Birth cohort | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.003*** | 0.003*** | 0.002 | 0.001*** | 0.002*** | 0.003*** | |
| 1945–49 | 186/1286 14.5 % |
||||||
| 1950–54 | 296/2040 14.5 % |
341/2163 15.8 % |
67/323 20.7 % |
0.002* | |||
| 1955–59 | 315/2405 13.1 % |
354/2181 16.2 % |
214/1287 16.6 % |
515/2310 22.3 % |
194/680 28.5 % |
0.014*** | |
| 1960–64 | 361/2644 13.7 % |
428/2637 16.2 % |
264/1474 17.9 % |
715/2849 25.1 % |
592/2266 26.1 % |
100/316 31.6 % |
0.018*** |
| 1965–69 | 359/2846 12.6 % |
438/2704 16.2 % |
263/1509 17.4 % |
709/3154 22.5 % |
670/2572 26.0 % |
818/2675 30.6 % |
0.023*** |
| 1970–74 | 285/2430 11.7 % |
408/2832 14.4 % |
299/1621 18.4 % |
782/3206 24.4 % |
724/2548 28.4 % |
806/2886 27.9 % |
0.025*** |
| 1975–79 | 79/1093 7.2 % |
295/2339 12.6 % |
330/1713 19.3 % |
912/3762 24.2 % |
914/2963 30.8 % |
1103/3678 30.0 % |
0.033*** |
| 1980–84 | 2/26 7.7 % |
63/700 9.0 % |
166/1098 15.1 % |
723/3173 22.8 % |
992/3227 30.7 % |
1330/4155 32.0 % |
0.025*** |
| 1985–89 | 0/2 0.0 % |
16/127 12.6 % |
180/1004 17.9 % |
605/2057 29.4 % |
1592/4633 34.4 % |
0.016*** | |
| 1990–94 | 1/5 20.0 % |
51/211 24.2 % |
922/2842 32.4 % |
0.002* | |||
| 1995–99 | 136/570 23.9 % |
||||||
| Region | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.076*** | 0.091*** | 0.064*** | 0.071*** | 0.073*** | 0.062*** | |
| Urban Governorates | 835/3312 25.2 % |
988/2983 33.1 % |
561/1666 33.7 % |
1371/3288 41.7 % |
1434/2931 48.9 % |
1453/2774 52.4 % |
0.039*** |
| Lower Egypt - Urban | 350/1828 19.1 % |
372/1945 19.1 % |
300/1179 25.4 % |
787/2198 35.8 % |
731/1936 37.8 % |
1075/2317 46.4 % |
0.051*** |
| Lower Egypt - Rural | 208/4377 4.8 % |
271/4880 5.6 % |
320/2922 11.0 % |
1108/6208 17.8 % |
1094/5682 19.3 % |
2171/8342 26.0 % |
0.048*** |
| Upper Egypt - Urban | 296/1578 18.8 % |
396/1806 21.9 % |
242/1061 22.8 % |
591/2410 24.5 % |
648/1789 36.2 % |
901/2421 37.2 % |
0.026*** |
| Upper Egypt - Rural | 149/3540 4.2 % |
251/3738 6.7 % |
197/2327 8.5 % |
582/5140 11.3 % |
727/3959 18.4 % |
1116/5709 19.5 % |
0.031*** |
| Frontier Governorate | 45/135 33.3 % |
49/207 23.7 % |
98/218 45.0 % |
108/227 47.6 % |
91/194 46.9 % |
0.038*** | |
| Religion | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.035*** | 0.036*** | 0.036*** | 0.037*** | |||
| Muslim | 1573/13974 11.3 % |
3939/18397 21.4 % |
4213/15737 26.8 % |
6177/20915 29.5 % |
0.025*** | ||
| Christian | 309/792 39.0 % |
595/1049 56.7 % |
527/782 67.4 % |
623/819 76.1 % |
0.074*** | ||
| Other | 0/1 0.0 % |
7/17 41.2 % |
0.040 | ||||
| Missing | 0/2 0.0 % |
2326/15558 15.0 % |
1620/9154 17.7 % |
2/15 13.3 % |
1/5 20.0 % |
0/6 0.0 % |
0.001*** |
| Respondent circumcised? | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.163*** | 0.076*** | 0.078*** | 0.084*** | 0.080*** | 0.090*** | |
| No | 393/439 89.5 % |
304/405 75.1 % |
206/256 80.5 % |
663/807 82.2 % |
644/732 88.0 % |
1329/1675 79.3 % |
0.013*** |
| Yes | 1489/14331 10.4 % |
2022/15153 13.3 % |
1411/8885 15.9 % |
3872/18645 20.8 % |
4098/15788 26.0 % |
5474/20075 27.3 % |
0.026*** |
| Labor market status | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.088*** | 0.059*** | 0.051*** | 0.038*** | 0.033*** | 0.018*** | |
| Not working | 1181/11767 10.0 % |
1587/12809 12.4 % |
1109/7076 15.7 % |
3285/15146 21.7 % |
3647/13776 26.5 % |
5546/18246 30.4 % |
0.035*** |
| Prof., Tech., Manag. | 432/964 44.8 % |
464/1119 41.5 % |
304/762 39.9 % |
678/1553 43.7 % |
658/1264 52.1 % |
754/1589 47.5 % |
0.006*** |
| Clerical | 207/660 31.4 % |
205/641 32.0 % |
109/274 39.8 % |
240/548 43.8 % |
139/314 44.3 % |
139/324 42.9 % |
0.014*** |
| Sales | 16/360 4.4 % |
9/157 5.7 % |
24/101 23.8 % |
53/298 17.8 % |
30/115 26.1 % |
89/398 22.4 % |
0.053*** |
| Agric-self employed | 0/378 0.0 % |
1/59 1.7 % |
7/174 4.0 % |
43/598 7.2 % |
8/78 10.3 % |
25/221 11.3 % |
0.029*** |
| Agric-employee | 4/294 1.4 % |
9/415 2.2 % |
24/501 4.8 % |
31/506 6.1 % |
37/322 11.5 % |
22/344 6.4 % |
0.018*** |
| Household & domestic | 6/83 7.2 % |
||||||
| Services | 6/42 14.3 % |
18/157 11.5 % |
27/100 27.0 % |
152/447 34.0 % |
172/398 43.2 % |
146/353 41.4 % |
0.045*** |
| Skilled manual | 24/209 11.5 % |
21/161 13.0 % |
15/157 9.6 % |
43/217 19.8 % |
35/110 31.8 % |
72/240 30.0 % |
0.046*** |
| Unskilled manual | v | 0/4 0.0 % |
11/145 7.6 % |
12/140 8.6 % |
14/41 34.1 % |
0.076*** | |
| Don’t know | 0/4 0.0 % |
1/4 25.0 % |
2/2 100.0 % |
0/2 0.0 % |
0.693* | ||
| Highest education level | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.201*** | 0.165*** | 0.122*** | 0.093*** | 0.106*** | 0.064*** | |
| No education | 174/6460 2.7 % |
300/6730 4.5 % |
187/3451 5.4 % |
758/6736 11.3 % |
716/5302 13.5 % |
894/5232 17.1 % |
0.033*** |
| Primary | 248/3666 6.8 % |
251/2845 8.8 % |
194/1559 12.4 % |
437/3051 14.3 % |
406/2047 19.8 % |
498/2232 22.3 % |
0.027*** |
| Secondary | 905/3701 24.5 % |
1064/4716 22.6 % |
807/3284 24.6 % |
2288/7660 29.9 % |
2439/7236 33.7 % |
3757/11275 33.3 % |
0.009*** |
| Higher | 555/943 58.9 % |
711/1267 56.1 % |
432/860 50.2 % |
1053/2015 52.3 % |
1182/1940 60.9 % |
1658/3017 55.0 % |
0.005*** |
| Partner’s education level | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.161*** | 0.128*** | 0.084*** | 0.064*** | 0.073*** | 0.039*** | |
| No education | 116/4490 2.6 % |
222/4675 4.7 % |
135/2231 6.1 % |
540/4507 12.0 % |
507/3579 14.2 % |
742/3721 19.9 % |
0.042*** |
| Primary | 229/4047 5.7 % |
241/3390 7.1 % |
210/1953 10.8 % |
613/3776 16.2 % |
548/2817 19.5 % |
739/3130 23.6 % |
0.038*** |
| Secondary | 743/4486 16.6 % |
938/5405 17.4 % |
722/3599 20.1 % |
2022/8158 24.8 % |
2332/7534 31.0 % |
3588/11384 31.5 % |
0.019*** |
| Higher | 792/1716 46.2 % |
922/2069 44.6 % |
553/1368 40.4 % |
1353/2990 45.3 % |
1356/2593 52.3 % |
1737/3518 49.4 % |
0.005*** |
| Don’t know | 2/30 6.7 % |
3/19 15.8 % |
0/2 0.0 % |
0.025 | |||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.001** | 0.001*** | 0.001** | 0.001*** | 0.002*** | 0.001** | |
| Married | 1782/13700 13.0 % |
2193/14369 15.3 % |
1517/8441 18.0 % |
4244/18174 23.4 % |
4453/15394 28.9 % |
6410/20456 31.3 % |
0.028*** |
| Widowed | 69/746 9.2 % |
74/775 9.5 % |
53/442 12.0 % |
140/764 18.3 % |
139/671 20.7 % |
176/667 26.4 % |
0.030*** |
| Divorced | 31/322 9.6 % |
42/307 13.7 % |
42/205 20.5 % |
118/394 29.9 % |
128/353 36.3 % |
169/460 36.7 % |
0.060*** |
| Not living together | 17/108 15.7 % |
8/67 11.9 % |
33/128 25.8 % |
23/107 21.5 % |
53/174 30.5 % |
0.024** | |
| Place of residence | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.071*** | 0.093*** | 0.065*** | 0.056*** | 0.069*** | 0.052*** | |
| Capital, large city | 894/3702 24.1 % |
1111/3393 32.7 % |
634/1925 32.9 % |
1535/4109 37.4 % |
1714/3662 46.8 % |
0.026*** | |
| Small city | 447/2038 21.9 % |
539/2554 21.1 % |
383/1474 26.0 % |
1084/3185 34.0 % |
936/2459 38.1 % |
0.023*** | |
| Town | 166/1063 15.6 % |
140/913 15.3 % |
87/508 17.1 % |
196/732 26.8 % |
238/685 34.7 % |
0.034*** | |
| Countryside | 376/7967 4.7 % |
537/8699 6.2 % |
517/5249 9.8 % |
1722/11436 15.1 % |
1853/9717 19.1 % |
3324/14135 23.5 % |
0.040*** |
| Urban (2014) | 3483/7621 45.7 % |
||||||
| Number of children born | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.040*** | 0.032*** | 0.028*** | 0.030*** | 0.029*** | 0.022*** | |
| 0 | 216/1388 15.6 % |
213/1350 15.8 % |
161/876 18.4 % |
495/1857 26.7 % |
598/1694 35.3 % |
730/1881 38.8 % |
0.045*** |
| 1 | 329/1797 18.3 % |
383/2037 18.8 % |
314/1281 24.5 % |
821/2793 29.4 % |
891/2544 35.0 % |
1118/3097 36.1 % |
0.025*** |
| 2 | 499/2400 20.8 % |
668/2822 23.7 % |
434/1815 23.9 % |
1260/4060 31.0 % |
1257/3586 35.1 % |
2009/5422 37.1 % |
0.017*** |
| 3 | 423/2411 17.5 % |
512/2723 18.8 % |
369/1808 20.4 % |
989/3957 25.0 % |
1071/3588 29.8 % |
1658/5300 31.3 % |
0.015*** |
| 4 | 226/1922 11.8 % |
261/2072 12.6 % |
177/1196 14.8 % |
503/2610 19.3 % |
504/2227 22.6 % |
786/3242 24.2 % |
0.016*** |
| 5 or more | 189/4851 3.9 % |
288/4553 6.3 % |
164/2177 7.5 % |
468/4185 11.2 % |
422/2886 14.6 % |
507/2815 18.0 % |
0.027*** |
| Wealth index | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.081*** | 0.043*** | 0.024*** | 0.023*** | 0.014*** | 0.003*** | |
| Low | 71/2511 2.8 % |
168/1533 11.0 % |
109/729 15.0 % |
329/1370 24.0 % |
266/988 26.9 % |
302/851 35.5 % |
0.096*** |
| Middle | 366/6276 5.8 % |
335/5620 6.0 % |
202/2421 8.3 % |
613/4911 12.5 % |
1019/4922 20.7 % |
4315/14619 29.5 % |
0.072*** |
| High | 1445/5982 24.2 % |
1823/8405 21.7 % |
1309/6005 21.8 % |
3595/13181 27.3 % |
3457/10614 32.6 % |
2190/6286 34.8 % |
0.012*** |
| Literacy | |||||||
| Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.142*** | 0.103*** | 0.087*** | 0.065*** | 0.072*** | 0.040*** | |
| Illiterate | 214/7896 2.7 % |
343/7749 4.4 % |
239/4015 6.0 % |
891/7902 11.3 % |
778/5823 13.4 % |
964/5815 16.6 % |
0.032*** |
| Partly literate | 95/1506 6.3 % |
129/1248 10.3 % |
85/685 12.4 % |
195/1208 16.1 % |
252/1175 21.4 % |
262/1054 24.9 % |
0.034*** |
| Fully literate | 1573/5364 29.3 % |
1853/6557 28.3 % |
1295/4448 29.1 % |
3438/10294 33.4 % |
3711/9514 39.0 % |
5578/14880 37.5 % |
0.007*** |
The totals do not always add up to N = 97,274 due to missing values on the independent variables
Significance: *: 0.050; **: 0.010; ***: 0.001