Table 3.

Specific language impairment (SLI) versus typically developing age-matched (TDA) regular past tense outcomes.

	Study name	Language	Hedges's g	95% confidence interval
				Upper limit	Lower limit
1	Leonard et al. (1992)	English	−3.212	−4.514	−1.910
2	Leonard et al. (2003)	English	−2.694	−3.779	−1.609
3	Leonard et al. (2007)	English	−3.004	−4.123	−1.885
4	Marchman et al. (1999)	English	−0.519	−1.019	−0.019
5	Oetting & Horohov (1997)	English	−2.822	−3.981	−1.664
6	Redmond (2003)	English	−1.827	−3.019	−0.635
7	Redmond (2005)	English	−1.282	−2.159	−0.406
8	Rice & Wexler (1996)	English	−3.219	−3.874	−2.565
9	Rice et al. (2004)	English	−0.463	−0.715	−0.210
10	Windsor et al. (2000)	English	−0.659	−1.299	−0.019
	English combined		−1.898	−2.667	−1.129
11	Hansson & Leonard (2003)	Swedish	−1.864	−2.733	−0.994
12	Hansson et al. (2000)	Swedish	−1.059	−1.830	−0.288
13	Lum & Bleses (2012)	Danish	−2.810	−3.771	−1.849
14	Rispens & De Bree (2014)	Dutch	−1.977	−2.526	−1.428
15	Verhoeven et al. (2011)	Dutch	−1.076	−1.984	−0.169
	Non-English Germanic combined		−1.746	−2.322	−1.169
	Overall combined		−1.801	−2.262	−1.339