Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants by diabetes status
| Normal | Prediabetes | Diabetes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | Men | 7,202 | 2,001 | 678 |
| Women | 8,947 | 2,756 | 330 | |
| mean ± SD (t-value) |
||||
| Age | Men | 43 ± 13 | 51 ± 10 (t = 28.11***) |
56 ± 10 (t = 26.72***) |
| Women | 44 ± 12 | 51 ± 9 (t = 27.54***) |
55 ± 9 (t = 16.60***) |
|
| Systolic blood pressure | Men | 125 ± 14 | 131 ± 15 (t = 15.12***) |
136 ± 18 (t = 18.53***) |
| Women | 118 ± 15 | 125 ± 15 (t = 21.58***) |
132 ± 18 (t = 16.43***) |
|
| Diastolic blood pressure | Men | 76 ± 11 | 81 ± 11 (t = 17.26***) |
82 ± 11 (t = 14.03***) |
| Women | 70 ± 10 | 73 ± 11 (t = 14.32***) |
77 ± 12 (t = 11.19***) |
|
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | Men | 205 ± 35 | 215 ± 35 (t = 8.07***) |
214 ± 37 (t = 4.54***) |
| Women | 209 ± 37 | 225 ± 38 (t = 18.34***) |
230 ± 40 (t = 9.21***) |
|
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | Men | 61 ± 17 | 60 ± 17 (t = 3.90***) |
57 ± 18 (t = 5.81***) |
| Women | 77 ± 18 | 75 ± 19 (t = 3.63***) |
70 ± 18 (t = 6.66***) |
|
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) |
Men | 129 ± 112 | 156 ± 139 (t = 8.96***) |
170 ± 133 (t = 8.82***) |
| Women | 78 ± 52 | 95 ± 56 (t = 14.18***) |
121 ± 80 (t = 14.30***) |
|
| CAVI | Men | 7.43 ± 0.99 | 7.97 ± 0.96 (t = 21.28***) |
8.49 ± 1.11 (t = 26.08***) |
| Women | 7.24 ± 0.92 | 7.62 ± 0.89 (t = 18.93***) |
8.09 ± 1.02 (t = 16.38***) |
|
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | Men | 23.5 ± 3.2 | 24.6 ± 3.3 (t = 13.56***) |
25.1 ± 3.9 (t = 12.46***) |
| Women | 21.3 ± 3.0 | 22.5 ± 3.6 (t = 17.79***) |
24.3 ± 4.2 (t = 17.53***) |
|
| Prevalence (%) (chi-square statistics) |
||||
| Abnormally high CAVI score | Men | 12.8 | 18.5 (χ2 = 43.41***) |
30.4 (χ2 = 157.25***) |
| Women | 15.2 | 18.9 (χ2 = 21.01***) |
34.2 (χ2 = 85.95***) |
|
| Drinkers | Men | 74.3 | 77.9 (χ2 = 10.62**) |
72.7 (χ2 = 0.81) |
| Women | 43.1 | 36.9 (χ2 = 34.05***) |
23.0 (χ2 = 52.65***) |
|
| Ex-smokers | Men | 23.3 | 29.5 (χ2 = 33.23***) |
31.7 (χ2 = 24.29***) |
| Women | 9.4 | 7.6 (χ2 = 35.23***) |
9.1 (χ2 = 10.24**) |
|
| Smokers | Men | 46.0 | 43.1 (χ2 = 33.23***) |
41.4 (χ2 = 24.29***) |
| Women | 12.8 | 9.4 (χ2 = 35.23***) |
7.0 (χ2 = 10.24**) |
|
Note: Student’s t-tests and chi-square tests were conducted by comparing means and prevalence respectively between persons with normal status and persons with prediabetes or persons with diabetes
p-value: *< 0.05, **< 0.01, ***< 0.001