Table 2.

Period-specific means and percent changes in the PAH metabolites among the three Olympic periods

	Pre-Olympics	During-Olympics	Post-Olympics	During-Pre Olympics		Post-During Olympics
	GM^a (95% CI)	GM (95% CI)	GM (95% CI)	% change	95% CI	% change	95% CI
Creatinine-unadjusted
1&2-amino-naphthalene, pg/µl	0.34 (0.26, 0.45)	0.24 (0.19, 0.32)	0.27 (0.17, 0.42)	−29	(−46, −6)	11	(−39, 103)
1-amino-pyrene, pg/µl	0.11 (0.076, 0.16)	0.099 (0.070, 0.14)	0.11 (0.063, 0.19)	−10	(−34, 22)	10	(−46, 124)
1-hydroxy-pyrene, pg/µl	0.37 (0.28, 0.48)	0.26 (0.20, 0.33)	0.20 (0.13, 0.30)	−30^*	(−44, −11)	−23	(−54, 30)
Creatinine-standardized^b
1&2-amino-naphthalene, pg/µg creatinine	0.48 (0.36, 0.65)	0.47 (0.36, 0.63)	0.61 (0.38, 0.97)	−2	(−27, 31)	28	(−32, 142)
1-amino-pyrene, pg/µg creatinine	0.16 (0.11, 0.22)	0.19 (0.14, 0.27)	0.25 (0.15, 0.42)	22	(−9, 63)	31	(−33, 153)
1-hydroxy-pyrene, pg/µg creatinine	0.53 (0.44, 0.63)	0.50 (0.42, 0.60)	0.46 (0.35, 0.60)	−5	(−19, 12)	−9	(−37, 32)
Creatinine-independent^c
1&2-amino-naphthalene, pg/µl	0.31 (0.23, 0.41)	0.24 (0.19, 0.31)	0.30 (0.20, 0.47)	−23	(−41, 2)	26	(−30, 127)
1-amino-pyrene, pg/µl	0.096 (0.067, 0.14)	0.098 (0.071, 0.14)	0.13 (0.080, 0.22)	2	(−24, 37)	37	(−30, 167)
1-hydroxy-pyrene, pg/µl	0.30 (0.25, 0.37)	0.25 (0.21, 0.31)	0.26 (0.19, 0.36)	−16	(−30, 0)	3	(−31, 54)

GM: Geometric mean. Marker was log-transformed, and geometric means (median) and 95% confident intervals were provided.

Standardizing the PAH metabolites with creatinine by dividing the concentrations of the metabolites with that of creatinine.

Controlling creatinine as an independent variable in the mixed-effects models.

p<.008