Table 3.

Metabolomic analysis: O₃ exposure alters circulating metabolites indicative of impairment in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism.

Biological processes	Metabolite	Fold change
		O3 1d	p-Value	O3 2d	p-Value
		FA 1 d		FA 2 d
Bile acid metabolism	Cholate	0.22	0.01	0.24	0.0019
	Glycocholate	0.21	0.0061	0.18	0.001
	Chenodeoxycholate	0.27	0.0401	0.16	0.0062
	Hyodeoxycholate	0.32	0.003	0.62	0.1782
	Taurodeoxycholate	0.5	0.0279	1.81	0.1032
	Glycodeoxycholate	0.07	0.0042	0.16	0.0671
	Glycochenodeoxycholate	0.15	0.0219	0.08	0.0041
	6-Beta-hydroxylithocholate	0.17	0.0005	0.45	0.1509
	Beta-muricholate	0.33	0.0251	0.3	0.0011
	Hyocholate	0.38	0.0974	0.33	0.011
	Alpha-muricholate	0.19	0.013	0.12	0.0006
	Tauroursodeoxycholate	0.46	0.0058	1.09	0.8176
	Tauro-alpha-muricholate	0.54	0.0222	0.89	0.6976
	Taurohyodeoxycholic acid	0.25	0.0011	1.14	0.5012
Monoacyl-glycerol	1-Linoleoylglycerol (1-monolinolein)	0.64	0.0009	0.54	0.0000
	2-Linoleoylglycerol (2-monolinolein)	0.64	0.0004	0.52	0.0000
	1-Arachidonylglycerol	0.64	0.0065	0.79	0.0689
	2-Arachidonoyl glycerol	0.67	0.0172	0.75	0.0496
Sphingolipid	Palmitoyl sphingomyelin	1.57	0.0004	1.75	0.0000
	Stearoyl sphingomyelin	2.73	0.0018	2.66	0.0002
Sterol/steroid	Cholesterol	1.33	0.0003	1.27	0.0008
	Beta-sitosterol	1.44	0.0003	1.1	0.2589
	Campesterol	1.31	0.0047	1.07	0.5349
	Fucosterol	1.43	0.0101	1.25	0.0895

Table depicting O₃-induced changes in circulating cholesterol and bile acid metabolites following 1 d or 2 d of FA or O₃ exposure. Values indicate relative fold differences for each biochemical between O₃ and FA samples at each time point (n = 6–7/group). Fold change >1 indicates increase, while fold change <1 indicates decrease. When p-value is <.05, the change is considered significant.