Table 1.
Baseline characteristics overall and by body mass index and diabetes status
| Characteristics | No diabetes |
Diabetes | p-value | Normal weight |
overweight | obese | p-value | Overall |
| N | 328 | 152 | 118 | 129 | 233 | 480 | ||
| Gender, male n (%) | 18 (5.5) | 34 (22.4) | <0.000 1 |
16 (13.6) | 17 (13.2) | 19 (8.1) | 0.185 | 52 (10.8) |
| Mean Age, year (SD) | 53.2 (13.5) |
60.1 (11.8) | <0.000 1 |
54.7 (15.0) |
55.9 (12.8) |
55.5 (12.9) |
0.793 | 55.4 (13.4) |
| Mean Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD) |
121 (18) | 130 (22) | <0.000 1 |
119 (22) | 122 (17) | 127 (20) | 0.0007 | 124 (20) |
| Mean Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD) |
74 (12) | 77 (16) | 0.076 | 73 (18) | 74 (11) | 77 (12) | 0.016 | 75 (14) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 220 (67.1) |
118 (77.6) | 0.018 | 64 (54.2) | 93 (72.1) | 181 (77.7) | <0.000 1 |
338 (70.4) |
| Mean Body mass index, kg/m2 (SD) |
30.1 (7.2) | 31.9 (7.2) | 0.012 | 22.0 (2.3) | 27.7 (1.4) | 36.5 (5.8) | 1 <0.000 1 |
30.6 (7.4) |
| Mean Waist circumference, cm (SD) |
96 (15) | 103 (14) | <0.000 1 |
81 (10) | 93 (6) | 109 (11) | <0.000 1 |
98 (15) |
| Mean Hip circumference, cm (SD) |
111 (15) | 112 (16) | 0.558 | 96 (9) | 106 (6) | 122 (13) | <0.000 1 |
111 (15) |
| Mean Waist/hip ratio, (SD) | 0.86 (0.08) |
0.92 (0.08) | <0.000 1 |
0.84 (0.07) |
0.89 (0.07) |
0.89(0.08) | <0.000 1 |
0.88 (0.08) |
| Mean HbA1c, % (SD) | 5.7 (0.4) | 7.8 (1.9) | <0.000 1 |
5.8 (0.9) | 6.6 (1.8) | 6.4 (1.3) | <0.000 1 |
6.3 (1.4) |
| Mean Fasting blood glucose, mmol/l (SD) |
5.3 (0.7) | 9.5 (3.8) | <0.000 1 |
5.9 (2.1) | 7.0 (3.8) | 6.8 (2.8) | 0.007 | 6.6 (3.0) |
| Mean 2h glucose, mmol/l (SD) | 6.8 (1.7) | 13.4 (4.7) | <0.000 1 |
7.2 (2.5) | 7.7 (3.6) | 8.7 (3.9) | 0.0008 | 8.1 (3.5) |
| Mean Triglycerides, mmol/l (SD) |
1.4 (1.0) | 1.8 (0.9) | <0.000 1 |
1.2 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.6 (0.8) | ||
| Mean HDL cholesterol, mmol/l (SD) |
1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.0001 | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | <0.000 1 |
1.3 (0.3) |
| Mean LDL cholesterol, mmol/l (SD) |
3.8 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.1) | 0.984 | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.8 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.0) | 0.075 | 3.8 (1.0) |
| Mean Total cholesterol, mmol/l (SD) |
5.7 (1.2) | 5.8 (1.2) | 0.582 | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.8 (1.2) | 5.8 (1.2) | 0.084 | 5.7 (1.2) |
| Median Insulin mmol/l(25th–75th percentiles) |
6.9 [2.9–12.2] | 8.7 [2.8–14.8] | 0.043 | 3.7 [1.5–8.0] | 7.0 [3.2–11.1] | 9.1 [4.9–15.0] | <0.000 1 |
7.4 [2.9–13.2] |
| Median 2h insulin mmol/l(25th–75tg percentiles) |
39.5 [21.7–67.4] |
54.9 [21.8–116.1] | 0.026 | 28.8 [17.1–45.2] |
36.7 [22.7–61.0] |
56.5 [31.0–106.4] |
<0.000 1 |
|
| Median Glucose/insulin (25th–75th percentiles) | 0.75 [0.44–1.74] |
1.03 [0.53–2.71] | 0.025 | 1.37 [0.66–3.63] |
0.81 [0.53–1.95] |
0.67 [0.40–1.49] | <0.000 1 | 0.78[0.48–1.95] |
| Median HOMA-IR (25th–75th percentiles) |
1.56 [0.60–2.91] |
3.11 [1.21–5.89] |
<0.000 1 |
0.95 [0.35–2.11] |
1.90 [0.80–3.35] |
2.62 [1.20–4.69] |
<0.000 1 |
1.85 [0.76–3.71] |
| Median HOMA-B% (25th–75th percentiles) |
75.4 [35.6–149.0] |
34.8 [9.4–71.9] | <0.000 1 |
43.0 [15.2–97.1] |
56.2 [15.1–96.8] |
75.4 [31.2–142.9] |
0.001 | 60.0 [20.0–117.5] |
| Median QUICKI (25th–75th percentiles) |
0.15 [0.14–0.18] |
0.14[0.13–0.16] | <0.000 1 |
0.17 [0.15–0.20] |
0.15 [0.14–0.17] |
0.14 [0.13–0.16] |
<0.000 1 |
0.15 [0.14–0.17] |
| Median FIRI (25th–75th percentiles) |
1.40 [0.54–2.62] |
2.80 [1.09–5.30] |
<0.000 1 |
0.85 [0.31–1.90] |
1.71 [0.72–3.01] |
2.36 [1.08–4.22] |
<0.000 1 |
1.66 [0.68–3.34] |
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerularfiltration rate; FIRI, fasting insulin resistance index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, High Density Lipoproteins; HOMA-B%, functional β-cells; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; LDL, Low Density Lipoproteins; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index; SD, standard deviation.