Table 4.

Matrix of potentially traumatizing exposures and stressors for internally displaced persons in Colombia, South America by phase of displacement

Phase of displacement	Types of exposures and stressors
	Hazard	Loss	Change
Pre-expulsion: Exposures and stressors in community of origin prior to expulsion	Expulsion/displacement of neighbors or family members Actions of armed actors:     Threats of harm     Harm to person     Harm to family member     Forced recruitment of local youth Community exposures to violence in the area:     Combat     Assassinations     Homicides     Kidnapping     Massacres     Forced disappearances Exposure to interpersonal violence:     Assaults, muggings     Violence against women     Child abuse     Sexual violence     Gang violence     Violence: criminal bands Narco-trafficking Improvised explosive devices Antipersonnel mines	Actions of armed actors:     Legal processes to take possession of land     Illegal processes to take possession of land     Forced taxation of landholders     Extortion, bribes     Malfeasance     Misfeasance	Frequent change in control of region among armed actors
Expulsion: Exposures and stressors that precipitate or “trigger” displacement	Actions of armed actors creating potentially traumatic events (PTEs):     Targeted, believable threats of harm     Direct infliction of harm to trigger displacement:         Assassinations Homicides         Kidnapping         Massacres         Forced disappearances         Assaults, muggings         Gender-based violence Atrocities committed against family, friends, or civic leaders Mass expulsion	Loss of land due to legal means Loss of land due to fraudulent sales Acute losses:     Land, crops, livestock     Home and shelter     Possessions     Separation from family     Loss of friends, neighbors Severe economic losses     Loss of livelihood     Loss of means of support	Acute changes:     Forced migration     Displacement     Homelessness     Exposure to the elements     Lack of basic necessities     Lack of sanitation     Lack of security     Lack of privacy     Disruption of essential services and health care     Disruption of livelihood     Disruption of “community”     Loss of cultural heritage Immediate change in identity     Dispossessed     Unemployed     Nomadic     Dependent
Migration: Exposures and stressors experienced while in transit to a safer locale	Exposure to dangers during transit to new locale:     Risk of transport injuries     Vulnerability to physical harm, assault, robbery Actions of armed actors:     Surveillance of IDPs by armed actors during migration     Threats against IDPs	Lack of access to survival necessities, sanitation     Lack of food, water     Lack of toilets, sanitation     Lack of clean, dry clothing     Lack of clothing suitable to climate in area of relocation     Lack of hygiene supplies Lack of home, shelter Limited cash to pay for necessities Lack of privacy, personal space Strong psychological reactions:     Traumatic bereavement     Complicated grief	Engaging in survival behaviors while migrating     Search for basic necessities Exposure of IDPs to:     Harsh environment     Lack of shelter Dependence on public transportation Uncertainty regarding destination Traveling through unfamiliar, disorienting, dangerous territory
Transition and adaptation during initial relocation: Hazards encountered during early adjustment to displacement	Dangers experienced in unfamiliar urban setting     Exposure to urban environmental hazards     Exposure to violence     Potential encounters with gangs, criminal bands     Vulnerability to physical harm, robbery     Exposure to the elements, pollution     Potential surveillance of IDPs' movements by informants for the guerrilla or paramilitary Exposure to dangers in urban settings     Exposure to pervasive urban violence including gang and criminal activities     Urban areas of guerrilla, paramilitary, criminal control     Dangers of physical injury related to types of available employment in “informal sector” Addictive behaviors Child abuse, sexual abuse, violence against women	Lack of access to survival necessities     Lack of adequate, safe shelter or housing     Lack of food, clean water     Lack of access to health care     Lack of mental health care Lack of social network     Lack of family supports     Lack of friends, neighbors     Lack of civic support resources Loss of landholder and breadwinner role/identity Loss of self-esteem Loss of independence Lack of access to survival necessities     Poor quality, unsafe housing     Lack of food, clean water     Lack of access to health care Limited social network     Limited family supports     Limited friends, neighbors     Limited civic support resources	Initial adjustment to urban environment     Lack of knowledge of resources     Living in poverty with limited resources     Economic uncertainty     Lack of urban job skills     Seeking employment in “informal sector”     Criminal alternatives to earn money     Access to alcohol, drugs Early adjustment to urban environment     Living in poverty     Economic uncertainty     Employment in “informal sector”     Criminal alternatives to earn money     Vulnerability to scams, illegal operations     Access to alcohol, drugs
Long-term resettlement: Exposures and stressors experienced during protracted displacement in the community of resettlement	Ongoing exposure to dangers in urban settings     Exposure to pervasive urban violence including gang and criminal activities     Informal sector employment: high risks of injury, interpersonal violence, possible illegal activities     Increased risk of partner/family violence     Increased risks for use of alcohol drugs     Risks to family members/children: e.g., school bullying     Currently, there is extreme risk for those attempting to return to their communities of origin or to reclaim their properties	Increasing access to survival necessities     Improved quality of housing     Access to basic necessities Expanding social network     Family supports     Increasing numbers of friends     Access to some civic support resources	Ongoing adjustment to urban environment     Living in poverty     Economic uncertainty     Employment in “informal sector”     Criminal alternatives to earn money     Vulnerability to scams, illegal operations     Access to alcohol, drugs
Return: Exposures and stressors experienced while attempting to return to community of origin, reclaim lands or property, and readjust	Actions by armed actors In communities of origin     Threats against IDPs attempting to return     Assassinations of persons attempting to return and those who advocate for them	Loss of social networks established in urban settings Loss of access to services available in urban settings	IDPs opting not to return     Do not want to re-adapt to rural living     Prefer urban settings following adaptation     Do not want to relocate children who have grown up in urban centers     Belief that “return” will be a “second displacement” experience