Table 1.

Developmental risk factors for osteoporosis.

MATERNAL

Vitamin D status Calcium intake Social class and pre-pregnancy dietary factors Maternal fat stores and nourishment during pregnancy

FETAL

In utero growth effects on birthweight and birth length Length of gestation (prematurity) Genetic predisposition including maternal and paternal birthweights, gene-environment interactions, vitamin D polymorphisms In-utero activity

INFANT

Slow growth throughout infancy Lack of breast feeding and dietary factors Vitamin D intakes Socio-demographic factors e.g. exposure to smoking

CHILDHOOD

Lifestyle and socio-demographic factors Nutrient intakes Physical activity and bone stress Co- morbidities and drug treatments e.g. steroids