Table 2. Independent variables assessed at 16 months post stroke and their correlation with the frequency of social and leisure activity (FAI-CSC) 10 years after stroke (N = 145).
| Independent variables | n (%) | FAI-CSC Md (q1-q3) | Spearman r | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BODY FUNCTIONS | ||||
| Indication of cognitive impairment (MMSE)1 | 0.025 | |||
| Yes (<25) | 11 (7.9) | 3 (0–4) | ||
| No (≥25) | 129 (92.1) | 6 (3–7) | ||
| Indication of depressive mood (GDS-20)2 | 0.005 | |||
| Yes (>5) | 43 (30.1) | 3 (1–7) | ||
| No (≤5) | 100 (69.9) | 6 (4–7.8) | ||
| Impaired motor function rel. to stroke3 | 0.002 | |||
| No | 81 (56.3) | 6 (4–7) | ||
| Yes, upper extremities | 21 (14.6) | 5 (2.5–8) | ||
| Yes, lower extremities | 12 (8.3) | 6 (3.5–8) | ||
| Yes, both upper and lower extremities | 30 (20.8) | 3 (0–5) | ||
| Do you experience difficulty speaking?3 | 0.073 | |||
| No | 127 (88.2) | 6 (3–7) | ||
| Yes | 17 (11.8) | 4 (2.5–5.5) | ||
| Do you easily get angry?3 | 0.141 | 0.093 | ||
| Almost never | 87 (60.4) | 5 (2–5) | ||
| Sometimes | 46 (31.9) | 6.5 (3-() | ||
| Often | 11 (7.6) | 4 (3–7) | ||
| Constantly | 0 | |||
| Do you experience any pain?3 | -0.131 | 0.117 | ||
| Almost never | 78 (54.2) | 6 (3–7) | ||
| Sometimes | 36 (25) | 5 (3–8) | ||
| Often | 20 (13.9) | 4 (0.3–8) | ||
| Constantly | 10 (6.9) | 2.5 (0–6.5) | ||
| Do you feel tired?3 | ||||
| Almost never | 26 (18.1) | 6 (4.8–7) | -0.120 | 0.153 |
| Sometimes | 76 (52.8) | 5 (3–7) | ||
| Often | 28 (19.4) | 4 (1.3–8) | ||
| Constantly | 14 (9.7) | 4.5 (2.3–7.3) | ||
| Urinary incontinence (BI item 6 “Bladder”) | 0.239 | 0.004 | ||
| Incontinent | 7 (4.8) | 1 (1–2) | ||
| Occasional accident | 13 (9.0) | 5 (1–6) | ||
| Continent | 125 (86.2) | 6 (3–7.5) | ||
| ACTIVITIES AND PARTICIPATION | ||||
| Do you drive a car?3 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes I drive | 86 (59.7) | 6 (4–8) | ||
| No, but did before stroke | 24 (16.7) | 3 (1–6) | ||
| No, and not before stroke | 34 (23.6) | 3.5 (0–5.3) | ||
| Do you use public transport?3 | 0.563 | |||
| Yes | 50 (34.7) | 6 (3.8–7) | ||
| No | 94 (65.3) | 5 (3–8) | ||
| How often do you exercise (walking, skiing, bicycling, swimming, sports, running)?3,a | 0.255 | 0.002 | ||
| Never | 16 (11.1) | 2 (0.3–4.5) | ||
| < 1/week | 4 (2.8) | 6 (1–8.8) | ||
| 1/week | 6 (4.2) | 3 (0–7) | ||
| 2–3/week | 31 (21.5) | 6 (3–7) | ||
| Almost every day | 87 (60.4) | 6 (4–8) | ||
| How mobile are you?3 | -0.267 | 0.001 | ||
| Independent indoors and outdoors c | 132 (91.7) | 6 (3–7) | ||
| Independent indoors but not outdoors c | 5 (3.5) | 3 (0–4.5) | ||
| Dependent both indoors and outdoors | 7 (4.9) | 1 (0–3) | ||
| Are you able to carry out your pre-stroke interests?3 | -0.327 | <0.001 | ||
| Yes, as before | 74 (51.4) | 6 (4–8) | ||
| Yes, but not quite as before | 49 (34) | 5 (2–7,5) | ||
| No, hardly or never | 21 (14.6) | 3 (0.5–4.5) | ||
| Does your health condition limit your ability to walk a few hundred meters? (SF36-3h)3 | 0.436 | <0.001 | ||
| Yes, very limited | 12 (8.3) | 1 (0.3–4.5) | ||
| Yes, slightly limited | 25 (17.4) | 3 (0–5) | ||
| No, not at all limited | 107 (74.3) | 6 (4–8) | ||
| PERSONAL FACTORS | ||||
| Age | <0.001 | |||
| < 75 yrs | 107 (73.8) | 6 (4–8) | ||
| ≥ 75 yrs | 38 (26.2) | 2 (0–4.3) | ||
| Gender | 0.052 | |||
| Men | 86 (59.3) | 6 (3–8) | ||
| Women | 59 (40.7) | 4 (1–7) | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS | ||||
| Living situation | 0.160 | |||
| Living alone | 36 (24.8) | 4 (1.3–6.8) | ||
| Living with partner or other person(s) | 109 (75.2) | 6 (3–7) | ||
| Main occupation | 0.186 | |||
| Work/study fulltime or part time | 27 (18.6) | 6 (4–7) | ||
| Do not work/study | 118 (81.4) | 5 (2–7) | ||
| Is there any particular person that you feel you can truly get support from? 3 | 0.924 | |||
| Yes | 134 (93.1) | 5 (3–7) | ||
| No | 10 (6.9) | 4.5 (3–8.3) | ||
| Do you receive any rehabilitation/training at present?3 | 0.236 | |||
| Yes | 27 (18.8) | 4 (3–6) | ||
| Yes, but not enough | 4 (2.8) | 3 (0–6) | ||
| No, but I would need it | 20 (13.9) | 4 (3–7.5) | ||
| No, I do not need it | 93 (64.6) | 6 (3–7.5) | ||
| Social anchorage outside the household (contact frequency)3,b | 0.252 | 0.002 | ||
| Daily | 47 (32.4) | 6 (4–8) | ||
| Every week | 92 (63.4) | 5 (2.3–7) | ||
| Every month | 3 (2.1) | 0 (0–0) | ||
| Every quarter of a year | 1 (0.7) | 4 (4–4) | ||
| Never | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0–0) | ||
| Social anchorage outside the household (extent of social network, 0–5 sources)3,b | 0.369 | <0.001 | ||
| 5 different sources of contact | 48 (33.3) | 6.5 (4.3–8) | ||
| 4 different sources of contact | 44 (30.6) | 6 (3–8) | ||
| 3 different sources of contact | 39 (27.1) | 3 (1–6) | ||
| 2 different sources of contact | 8 (5.6) | 4.5 (1–6.8) | ||
| 1 different sources of contact | 4 (2.8) | 1.5 (0–3.8) | ||
| None | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0–0) |
FAI-CSC: The ‘Community, social and civic life’ sub-domain of the Frenchay Activities Index (score range 0–9) [32]. MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination [41]. GDS-20: Geriatric Depression Scale [42]. SF36: Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey [43]. BI: Barthel ADL Index [40].
Unless otherwise indicated, the questions are based on the Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke) 2-year follow-up survey [45].
a Part of a protocol inspired by Lindström et al 2001 [49].
b Question based on Hanson & Östergren 1987 [44].
c With or without mobility devices.
1 5 missing.
2 2 missing.
3 1 missing (due to language difficulties, severe aphasia, health problems or unwillingness to do the test).
* For dichotomized or nominal variables the p-value refers to the Kruskal Wallis test for difference between groups, and for ordinal variables the p-value refers to the Spearman test for correlation.