Fig. 6.

Characteristics of CHIL knockout and over-expression in the tt5 and chs background. (A) Seed phenotype of the lines tt5, chil-1/tt5, CHIL OE-1/tt5 (upper), stained with DMACA (lower). Bars=0.5mm. (B) Seed phenotype of chs, chil-1/chs, CHIL OE-1/chs (upper), stained with DMACA (lower). Bars=0.5mm. (C) Relative levels of proanthocyanidins in mature seeds of the above-mentioned plants. The extractable PAs measured by DMACA (2.64mg epicatechin equivalence g^–1) and by butanol (1.08mg B2 equivalence g^–1); non-extractable PAs (2.50mg B2 equivalence g^–1) in Col were set as a value of 1.0, respectively. (D, E) Relative levels of the major flavonols [quercetin (Q) and kaempferol (K) aglycones] in 21-d-old seedlings (D) and mature seeds (E) of the above-mentioned plants. Levels of quercetin (4.79 µg g^–1 dry weight and 584.27 µg g^–1 dry weight in seedlings and seeds, respectively) and kaempferol (4.90 µg g^–1 dry weight and 11.38 µg g^–1 dry weight in seedlings and seeds, respectively) from wild-type control Col were set as a value of 1.0. (C, D, E) Data are presented as mean ±SD, Student’s t test (n=3, *P <0.05, **P <0.01). (This figure is available in colour at JXB online.)