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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmology. 2015 Dec 23;123(3):457–465.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.035

Table 3.

Multivariable logistic regression model estimating associations of various covariates with severe keratoconus, compared with mild keratoconus

Variable Value Odds Ratio (95% CI) p-value
Sex Male REF
Female 0.76 (0.68, 0.85) < 0.0001
Race White REF
Black 1.31 (1.10, 1.56) 0.003
Latino 1.16 (0.97, 1.38) 0.10
Asian 0.76 (0.53, 1.10) 0.15
Other 0.83 (0.50, 1.39) 0.48
Clinical Risk Group 1 (Healthiest) REF
2 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) 0.60
3 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) 0.03
4 (Least Healthy) 0.58 (0.33, 1.00) 0.051
Age at Enrollment 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) < 0.0001
Time in Plan (years) 0.89 (0.87, 0.91) < 0.0001
Number of Eye Visits 1.13 (1.12, 1.14) < 0.0001
Education Less than High School REF
High School Diploma 1.16 (0.71, 1.91) 0.55
Some College 0.92 (0.56, 1.51) 0.73
College Diploma 0.79 (0.47, 1.31) 0.36
Advanced Degree 0.33 (0.11, 1.01) 0.051
Income < $30K REF
$30K – < $60K 1.18 (0.87, 1.60) 0.28
$60K – < $100K 1.15 (0.83, 1.58) 0.40
$100K – < $125K 1.05 (0.74, 1.48) 0.80
≥ $125K 0.94 (0.67, 1.33) 0.73
Urban/Rural Status Urban REF
Large Rural 1.08 (0.83, 1.40) 0.58
Small Rural 1.06 (0.80, 1.41) 0.70
Diabetes None REF
Uncomplicated 1.23 (1.02, 1.48) 0.03
Complicated 0.87 (0.64, 1.20) 0.40
Asthma 1.21 (1.03, 1.42) 0.02
Allergic Rhinitis 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) 0.004
Mitral Valve Prolapse 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) 0.75
Collagen Vascular Disease 0.85 (0.48, 1.50) 0.58
Aortic Aneurysm 0.73 (0.33, 1.62) 0.44
Down Syndrome 1.43 (0.69, 2.95) 0.34
Sleep Apnea 1.29 (1.09, 1.53) 0.003
Depression 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) 0.25