Table 3.

Multivariable logistic regression model estimating associations of various covariates with severe keratoconus, compared with mild keratoconus

Variable	Value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Sex	Male	REF
	Female	0.76 (0.68, 0.85)	< 0.0001
Race	White	REF
	Black	1.31 (1.10, 1.56)	0.003
	Latino	1.16 (0.97, 1.38)	0.10
	Asian	0.76 (0.53, 1.10)	0.15
	Other	0.83 (0.50, 1.39)	0.48
Clinical Risk Group	1 (Healthiest)	REF
	2	0.96 (0.83, 1.11)	0.60
	3	0.84 (0.72, 0.98)	0.03
	4 (Least Healthy)	0.58 (0.33, 1.00)	0.051
Age at Enrollment		0.98 (0.98, 0.99)	< 0.0001
Time in Plan (years)		0.89 (0.87, 0.91)	< 0.0001
Number of Eye Visits		1.13 (1.12, 1.14)	< 0.0001
Education	Less than High School	REF
	High School Diploma	1.16 (0.71, 1.91)	0.55
	Some College	0.92 (0.56, 1.51)	0.73
	College Diploma	0.79 (0.47, 1.31)	0.36
	Advanced Degree	0.33 (0.11, 1.01)	0.051
Income	< $30K	REF
	$30K – < $60K	1.18 (0.87, 1.60)	0.28
	$60K – < $100K	1.15 (0.83, 1.58)	0.40
	$100K – < $125K	1.05 (0.74, 1.48)	0.80
	≥ $125K	0.94 (0.67, 1.33)	0.73
Urban/Rural Status	Urban	REF
	Large Rural	1.08 (0.83, 1.40)	0.58
	Small Rural	1.06 (0.80, 1.41)	0.70
Diabetes	None	REF
	Uncomplicated	1.23 (1.02, 1.48)	0.03
	Complicated	0.87 (0.64, 1.20)	0.40
Asthma		1.21 (1.03, 1.42)	0.02
Allergic Rhinitis		0.82 (0.72, 0.94)	0.004
Mitral Valve Prolapse		0.96 (0.74, 1.24)	0.75
Collagen Vascular Disease		0.85 (0.48, 1.50)	0.58
Aortic Aneurysm		0.73 (0.33, 1.62)	0.44
Down Syndrome		1.43 (0.69, 2.95)	0.34
Sleep Apnea		1.29 (1.09, 1.53)	0.003
Depression		1.13 (0.92, 1.39)	0.25