Table 2.
Child health and demographic characteristics (n=125)
| Characteristics a | Number (%)/ Mean ± SD |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 5.45 ± 0.29 |
| Female | 64 (51) |
| Current illness b | 24 (19) |
| Recent periodontal/dental issues c | 14 (11) |
| Mother smokes | 28 (22) |
| Weight status category d | |
| Underweight | 5 (4) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 13.28 ± 0.51 |
| Healthy weight | 76 (61) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 15.75 ± 0.82 |
| Overweight | 25 (20) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 17.56 ± 0.44 |
| Obese | 19 (15) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 20.19 ± 2.84 |
| Time from waking to study appointment (hours) | 7.05 ± 2.41 |
Note. SD=Standard deviation.
Missing data were <3% for all variables except for child age. All children were five years old, however, age in months was missing for 9% of the sample; missing data were imputed with mean values.
Current illness based on maternal response to the question: “Is your child currently feeling sick or ill (i.e., runny nose, fever, cough aching, etc)? (yes/no)”
Child periodontal/dental issues based on maternal response to the question: “Does your child have any current dental problems such as cuts or sores in his or her mouth, very loose teeth, a tooth lost in the last 48 hours, bleeding gums while brushing, or untreated cavities? (yes/no)”
Weight status categories were determined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s standards for body mass index percentile ranges by age and sex; underweight= < 5th percentile; normal/healthy weight= 5th–85th percentile; overweight= 85th–<95th percentile; obese= ≥95th percentile.