. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Assess. 2015 Aug 24;28(4):429–442. doi: 10.1037/pas0000186

Table 1. Summary of Representative CFA Studies.

			Cronbach's Alpha				Four Factor Model CFA Fit

Study	Sample	N	BIS	DRIVE	RWD	FUN	χ²	CFI	RMSEA	Notes
Heubeck et al., 1998	College Students	336	0.74	0.83	0.68	0.68	764^*	0.80	0.80	Four-factor model fits better than two-factor model

Leone et al., 2001	College Students	216	0.74	0.87	0.80	0.88	31^*	0.98	0.05	df=21; Used item parcels; U.S. sample shown

Campbell-Sills et al., 2004	Mood/Anxiety Disorder Outpatients	925	0.73	0.80	0.75	0.80	407^*	0.94	0.05	df=113; Removed BIS5, BIS7, RWD2

Franken et al., 2005	Dutch College Students	246	0.79	0.68	0.62	0.59	336^*	0.83	0.07	Suggest issues with DRIVE4 and FUN4

Cogswell et al., 2006	College Students	562	0.73	0.70	0.71	0.67	654^*	0.81	0.07	df=167; Suggest removing BIS5, BIS7, DRIVE4, FUN1

Cooper et al., 2007	Adults (21-40 years)	631	0.77	0.85	0.89	0.80	610^*	0.96	0.07	Four-factor model fits better than two-factor model; Age invariance
	Adolescents (12-16 years)	330	0.68	0.82	0.82	0.69	436^*	0.93	0.08

Poythress et al., 2008	Adult Offenders	1515	0.74	0.76	0.73	0.66	709^*	0.89	0.07	Suggest separate BIS5/BIS7 factor

Beck et al., 2009	Adult Females with Disordered Eating	103	0.86; 0.63^{^}	0.76	0.67	0.51	545^*	0.97	0.06	Suggest separate BIS5/BIS7 factor

Yu et al., 2011	Dutch Early Adolescents (M=13 years)	497	0.73^#	0.53	0.63	0.53	425^*	0.80	0.06	Suggest two-factor model removing BIS5/BIS7 and allowing residual error correlations
	Dutch Middle Adolescents (M=16 years)	237	0.82^#	0.57	0.68	0.57	412^*	0.78	0.08
	Dutch Mothers (M=45 years)	734	0.75^#	0.63	0.65	0.57	778^*	0.80	0.07

Kingsbury et al., 2013	Children (9-13 years)	368	0.70	0.67	0.71	0.69	328^*	0.82	0.05	Four-factor model fits better than two-factor model

Demianczyk et al., 2014	College Students	2730	-	-	-	-	6327^*	0.81	0.12	Examined ethnicity invariance

Morean et al., 2014	Adult Smokers	781	-	-	-	-	-	0.82	0.07	Suggest a 13-item shortened version
	Adult Alcohol Drinkers	656	-	-	-	-	-	0.82	0.07	Suggest a 13-item shortened version

Statistics from representative previous studies focusing on the fit of the standard Carver and White four-factor model are presented. Any model modifications are noted in the Notes section. Cronbach's alphas ≥ 0.8 are in bold. CFI ≥ .95 and RMSEA ≤ 0.06 are in bold. Model degrees of freedom were 164 unless otherwise stated in the Notes column.

^{^}

Divided BIS into two subscales, anxiety 0.86 and fear 0.63;

BIS subscale without reverse-scored items, BIS5 and BIS7;

p < 0.05 chi-squared model fit