Table 1. Summary of Representative CFA Studies.
Cronbach's Alpha | Four Factor Model CFA Fit | |||||||||
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Study | Sample | N | BIS | DRIVE | RWD | FUN | χ2 | CFI | RMSEA | Notes |
Heubeck et al., 1998 | College Students | 336 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 764* | 0.80 | 0.80 | Four-factor model fits better than two-factor model |
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Leone et al., 2001 | College Students | 216 | 0.74 | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 31* | 0.98 | 0.05 | df=21; Used item parcels; U.S. sample shown |
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Campbell-Sills et al., 2004 | Mood/Anxiety Disorder Outpatients | 925 | 0.73 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 407* | 0.94 | 0.05 | df=113; Removed BIS5, BIS7, RWD2 |
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Franken et al., 2005 | Dutch College Students | 246 | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 336* | 0.83 | 0.07 | Suggest issues with DRIVE4 and FUN4 |
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Cogswell et al., 2006 | College Students | 562 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 654* | 0.81 | 0.07 | df=167; Suggest removing BIS5, BIS7, DRIVE4, FUN1 |
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Cooper et al., 2007 | Adults (21-40 years) | 631 | 0.77 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 610* | 0.96 | 0.07 | Four-factor model fits better than two-factor model; Age invariance |
Adolescents (12-16 years) | 330 | 0.68 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.69 | 436* | 0.93 | 0.08 | ||
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Poythress et al., 2008 | Adult Offenders | 1515 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 709* | 0.89 | 0.07 | Suggest separate BIS5/BIS7 factor |
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Beck et al., 2009 | Adult Females with Disordered Eating | 103 | 0.86; 0.63^ | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.51 | 545* | 0.97 | 0.06 | Suggest separate BIS5/BIS7 factor |
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Yu et al., 2011 | Dutch Early Adolescents (M=13 years) | 497 | 0.73# | 0.53 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 425* | 0.80 | 0.06 | Suggest two-factor model removing BIS5/BIS7 and allowing residual error correlations |
Dutch Middle Adolescents (M=16 years) | 237 | 0.82# | 0.57 | 0.68 | 0.57 | 412* | 0.78 | 0.08 | ||
Dutch Mothers (M=45 years) | 734 | 0.75# | 0.63 | 0.65 | 0.57 | 778* | 0.80 | 0.07 | ||
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Kingsbury et al., 2013 | Children (9-13 years) | 368 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 328* | 0.82 | 0.05 | Four-factor model fits better than two-factor model |
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Demianczyk et al., 2014 | College Students | 2730 | - | - | - | - | 6327* | 0.81 | 0.12 | Examined ethnicity invariance |
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Morean et al., 2014 | Adult Smokers | 781 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.82 | 0.07 | Suggest a 13-item shortened version |
Adult Alcohol Drinkers | 656 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.82 | 0.07 |
Statistics from representative previous studies focusing on the fit of the standard Carver and White four-factor model are presented. Any model modifications are noted in the Notes section. Cronbach's alphas ≥ 0.8 are in bold. CFI ≥ .95 and RMSEA ≤ 0.06 are in bold. Model degrees of freedom were 164 unless otherwise stated in the Notes column.
Divided BIS into two subscales, anxiety 0.86 and fear 0.63;
BIS subscale without reverse-scored items, BIS5 and BIS7;
p < 0.05 chi-squared model fit