Table 1.

Modeling human bipolar mania in rodents

Behavioral endophenotype	Rodent paradigm
Reduced anxiety, increased novel exploration	Elevated plus maze; dark-light box; open field arena; social interaction test, novelty suppressed feeding
Reduced depression	Forced swim test, tail suspension test, learned helplessness test
Impaired sensory processing	Paired-pulse inhibition (PPI)—sensorimotor gating*
Risk-taking behavior	Iowa Gambling Task (IGT)*
Impulsivity	IGT*
Impaired decision-making	IGT*
Psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity	Cocaine or amphetamine injection, repeated injections for locomotor sensitization
Hedonia	Sucrose preference; cocaine or amphetamine self-administration*; intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of medial forebrain bundle; two bottle free-choice alcohol drinking; cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP)
Hyperactivity	Open field arena; homecage monitors; wheel-running; behavioral pattern monitor (BPM)*
Increased sexual activity	Mounts, intermission, and ejaculation events
Increased goal-directed	BPM*
Repetitive movements	BPM*
Aggressive behavior	Resident-intruder test
Reduced or disrupted sleep	EEG; circadian activity; sleep-wake monitoring*
Disrupted circadian rhythms	Circadian wheel-running activity; temporal patterns of behavior

^*Demonstrated direct translational relevance to human bipolar disorder