Table 3. Medical characteristics of children according to IMCI algorithma.
| Hypoglycemia | Low glycemia | Euglycemia | Hyperglycemia | P | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 15 (4.2%) | n = 99 (28.2%) | n = 201 (57.4%) | n = 35 (10.0%) | n = 350 (100%) | ||
| Glycemia (mmol/L) | 1.9 [1.7–2.0] | 3.8 [3.7–3.9] | 5.3 [5.1–5.5] | 9.6 [8.9–10.3] | <0.001 | 5.2 [5.0–5.4] |
| Duration of prior illness (days) | 5 [4–9] | 5 [3–7] | 4 [3–8] | 5 [3–9] | 0.8 | 5 [3–8] |
| Had treatment before admission | 11 (73.3) | 79 (79.8) | 164 (81.5) | 22 (62.8)a | 0.09 | 276 (78.8) |
| Daytime admission (6am-6pm) | 9 (60.0)a | 70 (70.7) | 151 (75.1) | 22 (62.8) | 0.31 | 252 (72.0%) |
| Duration of fasting (hours) | 13 [1–19]c | 3 [2–5] | 2 [1–3] | 2 [0–3] | 0.001 | 2.5 [1–4] |
| Anthropometrics measurements | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 12.5 [8.7–20.0] | 14.7 [12.6–16.8] | 15.3 [13.9–16.6] | 11.1 [8.2–14.1]a | 0.01 | 14.6 [13.5–15.6] |
| Height (cm) | 84.5 [71.7–99.6] | 91.4 [87.0–96.0] | 91.0 [87.4–94.8] | 91.0 [87.4–94.8] | 0.001 | 89.2 [86.5–92.0] |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| Temperature (°C) | 38.0 (37.4–38.5) | 37.6 (37.4–37.8) | 37.6 (37.4–37.7) | 37.8 (37.4–38.1) | 0.39 | 37.6 (37.5–37.7) |
| Respiratory frequency | 41.2 [33.8–48.6]a | 30.8 [28.7–32.9] | 34.3 [32.2–36.4] | 51.7 (45.3–58.0)c | <0.001 | 35.4 (33.7–37.0) |
| IMCI criteriaa | ||||||
| General danger signs | 14 (93.3)a | 61 (61.6) | 82 (40.7) | 15 (42.8) c | <0.001 | 172 (49.1) |
| -Unable to drink or to breastfeed | 7 (46.6)c | 10 (10.1)c | 3 (1.4) | 2 (5.7) | 0.001 | 22 (6.2) |
| -Vomiting | 11 (73.3)a | 54 (54.5)a | 72 (35.8) | 11 (31.4) | 0.001 | 148 (42.2) |
| -Convulsions | 6 (40.0)c | 8 (8.0) | 15 (7.4) | 4 (11.4) | 0.001 | 33 (9.4) |
| -Lethargy or unconsciousness | 11 (73.3) | 8 (8.0) | 10 (4.9) | 4 (11.4) | 0.001 | 33 (9.4) |
| Severe IMCIa | 14 (93.3)a | 68 (68.8) | 124 (61.6) | 32 (91.4)c | 0.47 | 218 (62.2) |
| Cough and respiratory difficulties | ||||||
| -Severe pneumonia | 2 (13.3) | 4 (4.0)a | 34 (16.9) | 21 (60.0)c | <0.001 | 61 (17.4) |
| -Pneumonia | 0 | 2 (2.0) | 6 (2.9) | 0 | 0.001 | 8 (2.2) |
| Diarrhea | ||||||
| -Acute diarrhea | 6 (40.0)b | 31(31.3)c | 23 (11.4) | 2 (5.7) | <0.001 | 62 (17.7) |
| -Severe dehydration | 5 (33.3)c | 7 (7.0)c | 0 | 0 | <0.001 | 12 (3.4) |
| -Moderate dehydration | 2 (13.3) | 25 (25.2)c | 16 (7.9) | 1 (2.8) | 0.001 | 44 (12.5) |
| Fever | ||||||
| -Very severe febrile disease | 2 (13.3)b | 50 (50.5) | 97 (48.2) | 12 (34.2) | 0.02 | 161 (46.0) |
| Ear disorder | ||||||
| -Mastoiditis | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (2.8) | 0.25 | 2 (0.5) |
| -Chronic ear infection | 1 (6.6) | 1 (1.0) | 8 (3.9) | 1 (2.8) | 0.32 | 11 (3.1) |
| Nutritional status | ||||||
| -Severe malnutritiond | 4 (26.6) | 11 (11.1) | 22 (10.9) | 9 (25.7)b | 0.02 | 46 (13.1) |
| -Moderate malnutrition | 1(6.6) | 9 (9.0) | 25 (12.4) | 4 (11.4) | 0.8 | 39 (11.1) |
| Severe Anemia | 2 (13.3) | 9 (9.0) | 13 (6.4) | 3 (8.5) | 0.19 | 27 (7.7) |
| Immunization status | ||||||
| -No immunization | 3 (20.0)b | 12 (12.1) | 18 (8.9) | 7 (20.0) | 0.18 | 40 (11.4) |
| -Incomplete immunization | 4 (26.6) | 16 (16.1) | 25 (12.4) | 4 (11.4) | 0.15 | 49 (14.0) |
| SaO2 (%) | 91.1 [86.4–96.9]a | 97.3 [96.5–98.1] | 96.2 [95.4–97.0] | 86.1 [82.2–90.2]c | 0.001 | 95.1[94.3–95.9] |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 9.8[7.9–11.7] | 8.4 [7.6–9.1] | 9.1 [8.7–9.6] | 9.6 [8.5–10.8] | 0.1 | 9.0 [8.6–9.4] |
| Duration of hospitalizatione | 4 [3–10]a | 2 [1–4] | 2 [1–4] | 4 [3–7] | 0.006 | 2 [1–4] |
| Deaths | 10 (66.6)c | 6 (6.0)c | 3 (1.4) | 2 (5.7) | <0.001 | 21 (6.0) |
| Death within 24 hr | 3 (20.0)c | 5 (5.0)b | 1 (0.5) | 0 | <0.001 | 9 (2.5) |
| Time to death (days) | 3.9 (1.2–6.5) | 1.6 (0–3.9) | 3.6 (0–13.1) | 1.5 (0–20) | 0.5 | 3.0 (1.6–4.3) |
| Age at death (months) | 35.9 (7.2–64.5)b | 46.6 (5.4–87.7) | 52.2 (49.8–154.2) | 0.6 | 49.7 (28.6–70.9) |
Numbers and (percentages). Median and (interquartile range), Mean and [95% confidence interval]
aIMCI: integrated management of childhood illness
bp ≤0.05 when compared to euglycemia
cp ≤ 0.001 when compared to euglycemia (details are provided in the text)
dWeight for height or height for age or weight for age or BMI ≤ 3 Standard Deviation (WHO 2006)
edays of hospitalization for survivors.