Table 1.
Summary of studies demonstrating generation of functional induced neuronal cells by direct conversion
| Species | Original cell | Transgenes | Method | End cell | Ref. |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | BAM | iLV | iN | [16] |
| Human | Fibroblast | BAM, NeuroD1 | iLV | iN | [71] |
| Human | Fibroblast | miR-9/9*-124, Ascl1, Myt1l, NeuroD2 | LV | iN | [83] |
| Human | Fibroblast | BAM | iLV | iN | [153] |
| Human | Fibroblast | miR-124, Brn2, Myt1l | iLV | iN | [84] |
| Mouse | Hepatocyte | BAM | iLV | iN | [73] |
| Human | Fibroblast | Ascl1, Ngn2 | iLV | iN | [74] |
| Human | Pericyte | Ascl1, Sox2 | RV | iN | [76] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | Brn2, Ascl1, Ngn2 | AV | iN | [144] |
| Human | Cord blood cell | Sox2 | RV | iN | [75] |
| Human | Cord blood cell | Sox2, c-Myc | RV | iN | [75] |
| Human | Glioma cell | Brn2, Ascl1, Ngn2 | LV | iN | [77] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | BAM | NV | iN | [147] |
| Mouse | Adipocyte progenitor cell | BAM | iLV | iN | [78] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | shR-PTB | LV | iN | [85] |
| Human | Fibroblast | Ascl1, Myt1l, Sox2 | LV | iN | [154] |
| Common marmoset | Fibroblast | BAM, NeuroD1 | iLV | iN | [72] |
| Human | Fibroblast | BAM | iLV | iN | [81] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | Ascl1 | iLV | iN | [155] |
| Human | Fibroblast | Ascl1 | iLV | iN | [155] |
| Mouse | Astroglia | Ink4a/Arf-/-, Dlx2 | iLV | iN | [79] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | Ink4a/Arf-/-, BAM | iLV | iN | [79] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | Brn2, Ascl1, Ngn2, Rarg, Nr5a2 | AV | iN | [80] |
| Human | Fibroblast | Brn2, Ascl1, Ngn2, Rarg, Nr5a2 | AV | iN | [80] |
| Human | Fibroblast | shR-p16-19 | LV | iN | [82] |
| Human | Fibroblast | hTERT | LV | iN | [82] |
BAM: Brn2, Ascl1, and Myt1l; miR: MicroRNA; shR: Small hairpin RNA; PTB: Polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein; iLV: Inducible lentiviral vector; LV: Lentiviral vector; RV: Retroviral vector; AV: Adenoviral vector; NV: Non-viral; iN: Induced neuron.