Table 1.
MicroRNAs involved in cardiomyocytes differentiation
| microRNA | Targets | Effect on cardiomyogenesis (mechanism) | Used in reprogramming | Ref. |
| Increased during cardiomyogenesis | ||||
| 1 | Dll1 (Notch) | ↑ CM Differentiation (↑ Nkx2.5 and Myogenin) | + | [102-104,106,109-111] |
| Hes1 (Notch) | ↑ CM Differentiation (↑ Nkx2.5 and GATA4) | |||
| Hand2 | ↓ CM Proliferation | |||
| HDAC4 | ↑ CM Differentiation (↑ Mef2c) | |||
| Myocardin | ↑ CM Maturation (↓ SMC phenotype) | |||
| 30a-e | Snai2 | ↑ CM Differentiation (↓ mesenchymal genes) | - | [102,103,120] |
| Smarcd2 | ↑ CM Differentiation (↓ mesenchymal genes) | |||
| Tnrc6a | ↑ CM Maturation (↓ miR-206: ↓ SMC Phenotype) | |||
| 133a-b | Snai1 | ↑ CM Differentiation (↓ mesenchymal genes) | + | [102-105,113] |
| SRF | ↓ CM Proliferation | |||
| Cyclin D2 | ↓ CM Proliferation | |||
| 181a-d | ? | ↑ CM Proliferation | - | [103,175] |
| 195 | Cyclin D1 | ↓ CM Proliferation | - | [102,103,119,176] |
| HMGA | ↓ CM Differentiation (↓ Nkx2.5) | |||
| 208b | Myostatin | ↑ CM Proliferation | + | [103,114,117,118] |
| Sox6, Purβ | ↑ CM Maturation (↑ beta-Myosin Heavy Chain) | |||
| THRAP1 | ↑ CM Maturation (↑ beta-Myosin Heavy Chain) | |||
| 499-5p | ? (↑ Wnt) | ↑ CM Differentiation (↑ Nkx2.5, Mef2c and GATA4) | + | [102,103,115] |
| Decreased during cardiomyogenesis | ||||
| 31 | ? | ? | - | [103] |
| 34c-3p | ? | ? | - | [103] |
| 151-3p | ATP2a2 | ↓ CM Maturation (↓ beta-Myosin Heavy Chain) | - | [103,177] |
| 221 | ? | ? | - | [103] |
| 222 | ? | ? | - | [103] |
ATP2a2: Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2; CM: Cardiomyocyte; Dll1: Delta-like 1; GATA4: GATA Binding Protein 4; Hand2: Heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2; HDAC4: Histone deacetylase 4; Mef: Myocyte enhancer factor; miR: MicroRNA; Nkx2.5: NK2 homeobox 5; Purβ: Purine-rich element binding protein beta; Smarcd2: SWI/SNF related matrix associated actin dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily d member 2; SMC: Smooth muscle cell; Snai: Snail family zinc finger; Sox6: Sex determining region Y-box 6; SRF: Serum response factor; THRAP1: Thyroid hormone receptor associated protein 1; Tnrc6a: Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6A; Wnt: Wingless-type MMTV integration site family.