Table 1.
Characteristics of participants included in the analyses (n = 801).
| Cycling to work at baseline |
Walking to work at baseline |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (n = 366) |
Some (n = 435) |
None (n = 597) |
Some (n = 204) |
|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 283 (50.7) | 275 (49.3) | 404 (72.4) | 154 (27.6) |
| Male | 83 (34.2) | 160 (65.8) | 193 (79.4) | 50 (20.6) |
| Age | ||||
| Median | 44.4 (34.7–52.9) | 43.0 (33.1–51.6) | 43.2 (34.0–52.0) | 43.3 (33.7–52.2) |
| 16–29 years | 42 (39.6) | 64 (60.4) | 73 (68.9) | 33 (31.1) |
| 30–39 years | 103 (46.8) | 117 (53.2) | 169(76.8) | 51 (23.2) |
| 40–49 years | 93 (44.3) | 117 (55.7) | 160 (76.2) | 50 (23.8) |
| 50–59 years | 92 (46.2) | 107 (53.8) | 148 (74.4) | 51 (25.6) |
| ≥ 60 years | 36 (54.6) | 30 (45.5) | 47 (71.1) | 19 (28.8) |
| Highest educational qualification | ||||
| Less than degree | 140 (58.6) | 99 (41.4) | 177 (74.1) | 62 (25.9) |
| degree or higher | 226 (40.2) | 336 (59.8) | 420 (74.5) | 142 (25.3) |
| Deprivation quintile | ||||
| 1 (= least deprived) | 181 (49.7) | 183 (50.3) | 269 (73.9) | 95 (26.1) |
| 2 | 110 (46.8) | 125 (53.2) | 180 (76.6) | 55 (23.4) |
| 3 | 50 (48.1) | 54 (51.9) | 71 (68.3) | 33 (31.8) |
| 4 | 22 (23.9) | 70 (76.1) | 73 (79.3) | 19 (20.7) |
| 5 (= most deprived) | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) |
| Weight status | ||||
| low or healthy weight | 213 (40.6) | 311 (59.4) | 395 (75.4) | 129 (24.6) |
| Overweight | 102 (49.8) | 103 (50.2) | 148 (72.2) | 57 (27.8) |
| Obese | 51 (70.8) | 21 (29.2) | 54 (75.0) | 18 (25.0) |
| PCS-8 score | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 55.2 (51.1–58.0) | 55.7 (52.2–58.0) | 55.5 (51.7–58.0) | 55.4 (51.6–58.0) |
| MCS-8 score | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 52.3 (47.1–57.5) | 52.6 (49.4–57.5) | 52.5 (49.2–57.5) | 52.3 (47.3–57.5) |
| Sickness Absence (days per year) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 2 (0–4) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (0–5) |
| Physical limitation | ||||
| Yes | 350 (45.4) | 421 (54.6) | 575 (74.6) | 196 (25.4) |
| No | 16 (53.3) | 14 (46.7) | 22 (73.3) | 8 (26.7) |
| Home to work distance | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 19.3 (8.0–27.4) | 4.8 (3.2–8.1) | 8.0 (4.8–19.3) | 8.0 (3.2–24.1) |
| 0–9.99 km | 117 (24.8) | 354 (75.2) | 361 (76.7) | 110 (23.4) |
| 10–19.99 km | 71 (60.7) | 46 (39.3) | 89 (76.1) | 28 (23.9) |
| ≥ 20 km | 178 (83.6) | 35 (16.4) | 147 (69.0) | 66 (31.0) |
| Physical activity index | ||||
| Inactive | 9 (37.5) | 15 (62.5) | 19 (79.2) | 5 (20.8) |
| Moderately inactive | 111 (50.5) | 109 (49.5) | 162 (73.6) | 58 (26.4) |
| Moderately active | 113 (46.1) | 132 (53.9) | 180 (73.5) | 65 (26.5) |
| Active | 133 (42.6) | 179 (57.4) | 236 (75.6) | 76 (24.4) |
| Weekly time cycling to work (minutes) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0–0) | 150 (90–200) | 100 (0–180) | 0 (0–45) |
| Weekly time walking to work (minutes) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0–90) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (60–180) |
| Changed behaviour | ||||
| Started walking/cycling to work | 42 (9.7) | 0 (0) | 75 (36.7) | 0 (0) |
| Stopped walking/cycling to work | 0 (0) | 68 (18.6) | 0 (0) | 67 (11.2) |
| Time frame | ||||
| 2009–10 (reference) | 305 (47.0) | 344 (53.0) | 477 (73.5) | 172 (26.5) |
| 2010–11 | 16 (39.0) | 25 (61.0) | 25 (61.0) | 16 (39.0) |
| 2011–2 | 45 (40.5) | 66 (59.5) | 95 (85.6) | 16 (14.4) |
IQR = Interquartile range; PCS-8 = Physical Component Summary score derived from the Short Form 8 Questionnaire, theoretical score range is 9.1 to 69.0, with a mean of 50 in the US adult population; MCS-8 = Mental Component Summary score derived from the Short Form 8 Questionnaire, theoretical score range is 5.4 to 71.7, with a mean of 50 in the US adult population; deprivation quintile is based on national quintiles of deprivation ranked using the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010 score for the Lower Super Output Area (assigned based on postcode or residence); unless otherwise stated characteristics are measured at baseline; changed behaviour describes the number of individuals who started or stopped active travel between baseline and follow-up (e.g. cycle to work at baseline and not cycling to work at follow-up); Study undertaken in Cambridge, UK (2009-12).