Table 4.
Factors associated to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD–LLN) in univariable analysis
| Characteristics | COPD n = 31 (%) | No COPD n = 1245 (%) | OR (95 % CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 21 (67.7) | 587 (47.1) | 2.35 (1.10–5.04) | 0.023 |
| Female | 10 (32.3) | 658 (52.9) | 1 | |
| Age, years, m (SD) | 38.5 (14.1) | 34.2 (12.7) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.071 |
| Age group | ||||
| 19–39 | 19 (61.3) | 887 (71.2) | 1 | |
| 40–60 | 8 (25.8) | 292 (23.5) | 1.28 (0.55–2.95) | 0.564 |
| ≥60 | 4 (12.9) | 66 (5.3) | 2.83 (0.94–8.56) | 0.066 |
| Level of education | ||||
| ≤Secondary | 21/30 (70) | 825/1244 (66.3) | 1.19 (0.54–2.61) | 0.673 |
| Higher education | 9/30 (30) | 419/1244 (33.7) | 1 | |
| Subject/chamber | ||||
| ≤2 | 16 (61.6) | 695/1243 (55.9) | 1 | 0.634 |
| >2 | 15 (48.4) | 548/1243 (44.1) | 0.84 (0.41–1.72) | |
| Tobacco smoking | ||||
| Current smoker | 4 (12.9) | 113/1241 (9.1) | 1.55 (0.53–4.52) | 0.432 |
| Ex-smokers | 3 (9.7) | 84/1241 (6.8) | 1.55 (0.46–5.27) | 0.479 |
| Non smokers | 24 (77.4) | 1044/1241 (84.1) | 1 | |
| Cooking fuel | ||||
| Clean | 9/27 (33.3) | 544/1214 (44.8) | 1 | |
| Biomass | 1 (3.7) | 97 (8) | 0.62 (0.08–4.97) | 0.655 |
| Mixed | 17 (63) | 573 (47.2) | 1.79 (0.79–4.06) | 0.161 |
| Past history of TB | ||||
| No | 30 (96.8) | 1226/1245 (98.5) | 1 | |
| Yes | 1 (3.2) | 19/1245 (1.5) | 2.15 (0.28–16.60) | 0.391 |
| Past history of pneumonia | ||||
| No | 30 (96.8) | 1209/1244 (97.2) | 1 | |
| Yes | 1 (3.2) | 35/1244 (2.8) | 1.15 (0.15–8.68) | 0.891 |
| HIV infection | ||||
| No | 20 (64.5) | 977/1245 (78.5) | 1 | |
| Yes | 1 (3.2) | 10/1245 (0.8) | 4.86 (0.60–40.00) | 0.139 |
| Don’t know | 10 (32.3) | 258/1245 (20.7) | 1.89 (0.88–4.10) | 0.105 |
| Chronic cough/expectoration | ||||
| No | 30 (96.8) | 1219/1245 (97.9) | 1 | |
| Yes | 1 (3.2) | 26/1245 (2.1) | 1.56 (0.21–11.89) | 0.489 |
| Chronic dyspnea | ||||
| No | 30 (96.8) | 1188/1245 (95.4) | 1 | |
| Yes | 1 (3.2) | 57/1245 (4.6) | 0.70 (0.09–5.19) | >0.999 |
| Lifetime wheezing | ||||
| No | 26 (83.9) | 1161/1241 (93.6) | 1 | |
| Yes | 5 (16.1) | 80 (6.4) | 2.79 (1.04–7.46) | 0.033 |
| BMI, kg, m(SD) | 27.2 (4.6) | 26.4 (5.5) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 0.445 |
OR odd’s ration, M mean, SD standard deviation, TB tuberculosis, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, LLN lower limit of normal