Table 5.

Agreement* of reference standard and algorithm cause of death assignment among children 1–59 months old

Scenario	Arifeen et al. 2004 [22]	Kalter et al. 2015 [21]	Liu et al. 2015 [25]
Cause-specific mortality fraction accuracy:
High U5MR with malaria	0.80 (0.67–0.86)	0.87 (0.75–0.94)	0.81 (0.68–0.88)
High U5MR without malaria	0.83 (0.73–0.90)	0.93 (0.79–0.97)	0.80 (0.69–0.90)
Moderate U5MR	0.84 (0.74–0.90)	0.92 (0.79–0.97)	0.80 (0.68–0.91)
General	0.66 (0.43–0.87)	0.76 (0.50–0.97)	0.69 (0.45–0.93)
Cohen’s kappa:
High U5MR with malaria	0.14 (0.06–0.25)	0.13 (0.07–0.22)	0.14 (0.08–0.22)
High U5MR without malaria	0.24 (0.09–0.35)	0.21 (0.08–0.32)	0.23 (0.09–0.34)
Moderate U5MR	0.29 (0.07–0.35)	0.25 (0.08–0.32)	0.28 (0.08–0.35)
General	0.10 (0.02–0.38)	0.10 (0.04–0.33)	0.10 (0.04–0.35)
Chance corrected concordance:
High U5MR with malaria	0.25 (0.20–0.49)	0.17 (0.12–0.39)	0.20 (0.14–0.42)
High U5MR without malaria	0.23 (0.18–0.45)	0.22 (0.17–0.46)	0.22 (0.18–0.44)
Moderate U5MR	0.40 (0.19–0.45)	0.37 (0.16–0.55)	0.39 (0.17–0.48)
General	0.24 (0.16–0.30)	0.16 (0.10–0.23)	0.19 (0.12–0.25)

U5MR – under 5 years mortality rate

*Median and range across 1000 simulated instances of the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium study data for cause-specific mortality fraction (CSMF) accuracy, the kappa statistic, and chance corrected concordance (CCC) by mortality scenario and hierarchical method for distributing co–morbid causes of child death, for four causes: pneumonia/diarrhea, measles, other infectious causes, and injury.