Table 2. Univariate analysis of Individual factors associated with loss to follow-up during treatment for multidrug-resistant TB, the Philippines, 2012–2014*.
| Factor | Total† | Case-patients‡ | Control-patients‡ | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data from review of medical records | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| M | 164 | 60 (65.9) | 104 (57.1) | 1.45 (0.86–2.45) | 0.16 |
| F | 109 | 31 (34.1) | 78 (42.9) | 1.00 | |
| Age | 273 | 41.6 (13.2)§ | 38.0 (12.5)§ | 1.02 (1.00–1.04)¶ | 0.028 |
| Social history | |||||
| Tobacco smoking | |||||
| Current, past | 153 | 65 (73) | 88 (48.6) | 2.86 (1.65–4.97) | <0.001 |
| Never | 117 | 24 (27) | 93 (51.4) | 1.00 | |
| Alcohol abuse | |||||
| Current, past | 175 | 66 (75) | 109 (60.9) | 1.93 (1.09–3.4) | 0.02 |
| Never | 92 | 22 (25) | 70 (39.1) | 1.00 | |
| Drug abuse | |||||
| Current, past | 52 | 19 (22.4) | 33 (18.6) | 1.26 (0.67–2.37) | 0.48 |
| Never | 210 | 66 (77.6) | 144 (81.4) | 1.00 | |
| Clinical information | |||||
| No. previous TB episodes | 273 | 1.71 (0.90)§ | 1.62 (1.07)§ | 1.10 (0.86–1.40)¶ | 0.449 |
| BMI | |||||
| <18.5 | 146 | 51 (56) | 95 (52.2) | 1.17 (0.7–1.94) | 0.55 |
| >18.5 | 127 | 40 (44) | 87 (47.8) | 1.00 | |
| Cavitary TB disease | |||||
| Yes | 97 | 31 (44.3) | 66 (41) | 1.14 (0.65–2.02) | 0.64 |
| No | 134 | 39 (55.7) | 95 (59) | 1.00 | |
| Smear-positive at treatment start | |||||
| Yes | 219 | 70 (82.4) | 149 (85.1) | 0.81 (0.41–1.63) | 0.56 |
| No |
41 |
15 (17.6) |
26 (14.9) |
1.00 |
|
| Data from patient interviews | |||||
| Total no. persons residing in household | 272 | 5.12 (2.79)§ | 5.53 (2.95)§ | 1.94 (0.63–5.99)¶ | 0.27 |
| Residence Comparison 1 | |||||
| Rural area | 40 | 15 (23.4) | 25 (24.5) | 0.94 (0.45–1.96) | 0.88 |
| Urban slum | 126 | 49 (76.6) | 77 (75.5) | 1.00 | |
| Residence Comparison 2 | |||||
| Urban area | 105 | 26 (34.7) | 79 (50.6) | 0.52 (0.29–0.91) | 0.02 |
| Urban slum | 126 | 49 (65.3) | 77 (49.4) | 1.00 | |
| Paid employment before starting treatment | |||||
| Yes | 126 | 49 (54.4) | 77 (42.3) | 1.63 (0.98–2.71) | 0.06 |
| No | 146 | 41 (45.6) | 105 (57.7) | 1.00 | |
| Employed before starting treatment but had to quit# | |||||
| Yes | 90 | 35 (79.5) | 55 (83.3) | 0.78 (0.29–2.07) | 0.61 |
| No | 20 | 9 (20.5) | 11 (16.7) | 1.00 | |
| Employed before starting treatment but fired/asked to take leave of absence# | |||||
| Yes | 10 | 5 (35.7) | 5 (31.3) | 1.22 (0.27–5.59) | 0.80** |
| No | 20 | 9 (64.3) | 11 (68.8) | 1.00 | |
| Family sold belongings or household items (assets) to help pay expenses during TB treatment | |||||
| Yes | 93 | 28 (31.8) | 65 (35.7) | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) | 0.53 |
| No | 177 | 60 (68.2) | 117 (64.3) | 1.00 | |
| Family borrowed money to cover costs due to TB illness | |||||
| Yes | 181 | 60 (74.1) | 121 (70.8) | 1.18 (0.65–2.14) | 0.58 |
| No | 71 | 21 (25.9) | 50 (29.2) | 1.00 | |
| General TB knowledge†† | 272 | 67.81 (16.31)§ | 74.25 (13.78)§ | 0.97 (0.95–0.99)¶ | <0.001 |
| Expectations related to TB and TB treatment | 272 | 11.01 (1.87)§ | 10.76 (1.55)§ | 1.10 (0.94–1.28)¶ | 0.28 |
| Self-efficacy (or confidence) to adhere to treatment at the time treatment was about to begin | 272 | 4.91 (5.28)§ | 2.44 (3.77)§ | 1.13 (1.06–1.19)¶ | <0.001 |
*Boldface indicates significance. BMI, body mass index; TB, tuberculosis. †Total reflects number of patients for whom data or responses for each respective category were available. ‡No. (%) unless noted otherwise. §Mean (SD). ¶Odds ratio is per 1 unit increase. #Of 126 patients who had paid employment before starting treatment, 90 reported that they subsequently “had to quit” and 10 reported that they had subsequently been “fired/asked to take leave of absence.” **Fisher exact test. ††Such as understanding of disease severity, susceptibility, scale 0%–100%).