Human Lymphadenopathy Caused by Ratborne Bartonella, Tbilisi, Georgia

Abstract

Lymphadenopathy and fever that developed in a woman in Tbilisi, Georgia, most likely were caused by a ratborne Bartonella strain related B. tribocorum and B. elizabethae. The finding suggests that this Bartonella strain could be spread by infected rats and represents a potential human risk.

Cat scratch disease caused by Bartonella henselae is a major cause of unilateral reginal lymphadenitis in children and adults (1). We report a case of lymphadenopathy and fever in a woman in Tbilisi, Georgia, that most likely was caused by a ratborne Bartonella strain.

The Study

In 2012, an 18-year-old woman with no major medical history sought care at an outpatient infectious diseases clinic in Tbilisi with a 2-week history of weakness, malaise, fever >38°C for the previous 10 days, enlarging right neck mass, and occasional night sweats. She lived in a residential building in an urban area within Tbilisi. She denied recent travel outside the city, contacts with sick persons, exposure to farm animals, or having pets at home. Physical examination indicated right cervical lymphadenopathy with multiple enlarged, soft, tender lymph nodes, 1 of which was fluctuant on palpation. Ultrasound showed 4 enlarged lymph nodes: 2 in the anterior cervical region (14 mm and 17 mm) and 2 in the posterior cervical region (29 and 38 mm). The largest lymph node had central attenuation with a hypoechoic area suggestive of pus. Laboratory test results were as follows: leukocyte count 9.2 cells/μL (reference 4.0–11.0 cells/μL) with 6.7% (reference 2.5%–7.5%) neutrophils; platelets 358,000/μL (reference 150,000–450,000/μL); hemoglobin 15.4 g/dL (reference 14.0–17.5 g/dL); C-reactive protein 16 mg/L (reference 0–10 mg/L); and erythrocyte sedimentation rate 56 mm/h (reference <30 mm/h). Chest radiograph showed no abnormalities. Serum was negative for antibodies against cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Toxoplasma, and HIV. Tuberculin skin test result of 4-mm induration was considered negative.

Ultrasound-guided aspiration of the largest lymph node yielded 2 mL of cloudy yellow fluid. Gram stain, acid-fast stain, bacterial culture, and fungal culture of the aspirate were all negative. Histopathologic examination demonstrated a nonspecific inflammatory response without evidence of granulomas or malignant cells.

Cat scratch disease was presumptively diagnosed on the basis of lymphadenopathy and clinical characteristics, and B. henselae was suspected as the etiologic agent, although the patient denied any contact with cats. The lymph node aspirate was submitted to the National Center for Disease Control & Public Health (Tbilisi) for molecular diagnostic testing for Bartonella. Genomic DNA was extracted from the lymph node aspirate by using a QIAamp tissue kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) and was analyzed by using conventional PCR targeting a 338-bp fragment of the gltA gene (1), a molecular target routinely used for detecting Bartonella DNA. The test resulted in amplification of the specific target, which suggested a potential Bartonella species. Before the PCR result was available, the patient was empirically prescribed amoxicillin/clavulanic acid treatment. After receiving the PCR results suggesting Bartonella DNA in the aspirate sample, the drug regimen was switched to azithromycin 500 mg every 8 hours on the first day, then 250 mg every 8 hours daily for 4 additional days. Fever resolved in 2 weeks, and lymphadenopathy gradually improved during the next 4–5 weeks. Weakness and malaise resolved within 2 months.

The DNA was forwarded to the Bartonella and Rodent-Borne Diseases Laboratory of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (Fort Collins, CO, USA) for further characterization. Seven targets (gltA, nuoG, ribC, rpoB, ftsZ, ssrA, and internal transcribed spacer [ITS]), all which have been previously used for Bartonella descriptions (2), were amplified. All positive PCR products were purified by using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN) and sequenced in both directions by using an Applied Biosystems Model 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The sequences obtained were aligned by each locus and compared with all known Bartonella species by using the ClustalW program within DNASTAR Lasergene package (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA). The neighbor-joining method by Kimura 2-parameter distance method was used (1,000 bootstrap replicates).

Sequence analyses of all 7 molecular targets demonstrated that the bacterial DNA belongs to a Bartonella species within the B. elizabethae species complex, which represents an assemblage of species and strains associated with rats of the genus Rattus (3). By individual locus, the DNA was closer to B. tribocorum than to any other Bartonella species by 2 markers (gltA [96.1%] and rpoB [100%]) and was closer to B. elizabethae by all other markers (nuoG [99.9%], ribC [99.2%], ftsZ [98.5%], and ssrA [99.4%]) and by ITS (99.4%). Comparison of concatenated sequences of all 7 loci indicated the identified genotype had a divergence of 3.4% with B. elizabethae and 5.6% with B. tribocorum. Additional sequence queries resulted in identification of the Tel Aviv (TA) strain of Bartonella, which was prevalent and the only identified strain among black rats (Rattus rattus) captured in Tel Aviv, Israel (4). For any of the 4 markers used in both studies (ribC, rpoB, gltA, and ITS), the genotype identified in the patient was indistinguishable from the TA strain. The gltA sequence from the patient’s aspirate also was indistinguishable by the gltA from Bartonella genotypes identified in a rat from Porto Santo Island, Portugal (5), and in 4 rats from Dhaka, Bangladesh (6).

Conclusions

The invasion of rats into urban ecosystems and their establishment in such areas can have major implications for human health (7). Bartonella species and genotypes detected in Rattus rats are clustered into a defined phylogenetic lineage that can be subdivided into several subclusters (3,6). B. elizabethae and related species of Bartonella have not been detected in rodent hosts except for rats of genera Rattus and Bandicota (3,6,7). A recent genetic analysis of Bartonella strains obtained from rats from 17 countries demonstrated that this bacterial complex evolved and diversified in Southeast Asia before being disseminated by R. rattus and R. norvegicus to other parts of the globe (8).

B. elizabethae was first isolated from a US patient with endocarditis in 1993 (9) and subsequently was found in rats from many countries (2,4). Investigation of febrile human patients from Thailand demonstrated that 8 of the 14 Bartonella genotypes identified in patients were similar or identical to homologous sequences identified in rats and were closely related to B. elizabethae, B. rattimassiliensis, or B. tribocorum (10).

The identification of bacteria that share genes specific for rat-associated Bartonella species in a lymph node aspirate suggests that the finding could be associated with commensal rats occupying residential areas of Tbilisi. The patient did not recall rats in the building but had noticed them in waste containers outside the building. The most striking finding was the identity of this genotype with TA strain. Of 21 Bartonella isolates cultured from blood from 62 commensal rats captured in Tel Aviv, 10 isolates were genetically characterized by 6 markers, and all the isolates were identical to each other and closely related to both B. tribocorum and B. elizabethae (3). Identification of the identical strains in urban rats from Portugal and Bangladesh suggests much wider distribution of this strain.

The clinical picture for the patient we report was typical for clinical manifestations of cat scratch disease, which is commonly caused by B. henselae (11). Nevertheless, evidence is increasing that rodentborne Bartonella species can cause diverse clinical signs and symptoms, including fever, myocarditis, endocarditis, neuroretinitis, and lymphadenitis (12). Bartonella species between rodents appear to be transmitted mainly by fleas (13). The Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) commonly infests commensal rats within cities and can readily bite humans without being noticed. The detection of a rat-associated Bartonella species in the capital of Georgia raises public health concerns and highlights the need to further explore its zoonotic potential and pathogenic characteristics.

Biography

Dr. Kandelaki is an infectious diseases specialist at Central University Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia. His research interests include clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.