Table 2.
Results of Cox regression analysis on the pooled sample (n = 19,333).
| Cohort-specific quartiles |
Per 100 g/day increasea |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
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| Cause of death | Deaths/n | Model | HR | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | p-value (trend) | PP% | HR | (95% CI) | |
| Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||||||||||||
| All-cause | 1314/19,333 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.78 | (0.68–0.90) | 0.77 | (0.66–0.89) | 0.67 | (0.58–0.79) | <0.001 | 10.1 | 0.90 | (0.87–0.90) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.93 | (0.80–1.08) | 0.97 | (0.83–1.13) | 0.91 | (0.76–1.08) | 0.356 | 2.4 | 0.98 | (0.94–1.02) | ||
| CVD | 438/19,263 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.66 | (0.51–0.84) | 0.65 | (0.51–0.84) | 0.54 | (0.41–0.72) | <0.001 | 16.1 | 0.87 | (0.81–0.93) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.80 | (0.62–1.03) | 0.83 | (0.64–1.09) | 0.74 | (0.54–1.01) | 0.060 | 7.7 | 0.95 | (0.89–1.02) | ||
| CHD | 226/19,263 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.62 | (0.44–0.87) | 0.61 | (0.43–0.87) | 0.60 | (0.41–0.87) | 0.003 | 14.3 | 0.87 | (0.80–0.96) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.79 | (0.55–1.13) | 0.85 | (0.59–1.25) | 0.92 | (0.60–1.39) | 0.608 | 2.4 | 0.99 | (0.89–1.09) | ||
| Stroke | 109/19,263 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.62 | (0.37–1.02) | 0.69 | (0.42–1.13) | 0.50 | (0.28–0.88) | 0.019 | 17.9 | 0.88 | (0.77–1.00) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.67 | (0.40–1.12) | 0.73 | (0.44–1.24) | 0.52 | (0.28–0.98) | 0.056 | 16.3 | 0.91 | (0.78–1.05) | ||
| Fruit intakeb | ||||||||||||||
| All–cause | 1314/19,333 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.75 | (0.65–0.86) | 0.72 | (0.62–0.84) | 0.68 | (0.58–0.79) | <0.001 | 10.2 | 0.92 | (0.88–0.96) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.95 | (0.82–1.10) | 0.97 | (0.83–1.13) | 0.99 | (0.83–1.18) | 0.845 | 0.3 | 1.00 | (0.96–1.04) | ||
| CVD | 438/19,263 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.77 | (0.61–0.97) | 0.55 | (0.42–0.72) | 0.53 | (0.40–0.70) | <0.001 | 16.6 | 0.84 | (0.78–0.91) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 1.00 | (0.79–1.28) | 0.75 | (0.56–0.99) | 0.78 | (0.57–1.07) | 0.034 | 6.2 | 0.92 | (0.84–0.99) | ||
| CHD | 226/19,263 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.67 | (0.48–0.94) | 0.51 | (0.35–0.74) | 0.54 | (0.36–0.80) | <0.001 | 16.9 | 0.85 | (0.76–0.95) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.91 | (0.65–1.28) | 0.73 | (0.49–1.08) | 0.86 | (0.55–1.33) | 0.235 | 4.0 | 0.95 | (0.85–1.07) | ||
| Stroke | 109/19,263 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.90 | (0.57–1.43) | 0.62 | (0.37–1.05) | 0.51 | (0.28–0.93) | 0.011 | 16.0 | 0.82 | (0.70–0.97) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 1.12 | (0.69–1.82) | 0.79 | (0.45–1.38) | 0.66 | (0.34–1.29) | 0.164 | 9.4 | 0.87 | (0.73–1.03) | ||
| Vegetable intakeb | ||||||||||||||
| All-cause | 1314/19,333 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.76 | (0.65–0.88) | 0.75 | (0.65–0.87) | 0.72 | (0.62–0.83) | <0.001 | 8.8 | 0.93 | (0.89–0.97) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.82 | (0.70–0.95) | 0.84 | (0.72–0.98) | 0.85 | (0.72–1.00) | 0.052 | 4.4 | 0.98 | (0.93–1.03) | ||
| CVD | 438/19,263 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.83 | (0.65–1.06) | 0.69 | (0.53–0.89) | 0.67 | (0.51–0.88) | <0.001 | 10.3 | 0.90 | (0.84–0.98) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.93 | (0.72–1.20) | 0.81 | (0.62–1.07) | 0.88 | (0.66–1.19) | 0.249 | 3.2 | 0.99 | (0.90–1.07) | ||
| CHD | 226/19,263 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.81 | (0.58–1.15) | 0.65 | (0.45–0.94) | 0.71 | (0.49–1.02) | 0.027 | 9.2 | 0.91 | (0.82–1.01) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.94 | (0.66–1.34) | 0.82 | (0.55–1.20) | 1.00 | (0.66–1.51) | 0.745 | 0.0 | 1.01 | (0.89–1.14) | ||
| Stroke | 109/19,263 | Model 1 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.73 | (0.44–1.21) | 0.64 | (0.38–1.08) | 0.64 | (0.38–1.07) | 0.066 | 12.1 | 0.91 | (0.78–1.06) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.76 | (0.45–1.26) | 0.65 | (0.38–1.13) | 0.69 | (0.39–1.24) | 0.157 | 10.0 | 0.94 | (0.79–1.12) | ||
CI: confidence interval; CHD: coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HDI: healthy diet indicator; HR: hazard ratio; PP: preventable proportion.
Model 1: adjusted for sex, age, cohort. Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, cohort, alcohol intake, smoking, education, household amenities score, marital status, energy intake, physical activity, vitamin supplement intake, HDI (without F&V component), fruit/vegetable intake.
a
Per one unit increase across six intake categories (<100 g/d, 1–200 g/d, 2–300 g/d, 300–400 g/d, 400–500 g/d, >500 g/d).
b
In model 2, fruit and vegetable intakes were mutually adjusted for each other.