Table 3.
Results of Cox regression analysis by smoking groups.
| Cohort-specific fruit and vegetable intake quartiles |
Per 100 g/day increasea |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
|||||||||||
| Cause of death | Subgroup | Deaths/n | HR | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | p-value (trend) | PP% | HR | (95% CI) | |
| All-cause | Current smokers | 638/5905 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.90 | (0.73–1.11) | 0.87 | (0.70–1.09) | 0.70 | (0.53–0.91) | 0.011 | 8.8 | 0.93 | (0.87–0.98) |
| Ex-smokers | 300/4080 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.94 | (0.69–1.28) | 0.93 | (0.67–1.29) | 1.09 | (0.76–1.57) | 0.748 | −2.3 | 1.00 | (0.92–1.10) | |
| Never smokers | 369/9272 | 1.00 | ref. | 1.02 | (0.76–1.38) | 1.22 | (0.91–1.66) | 1.20 | (0.86–1.67) | 0.168 | −4.5 | 1.05 | (0.97–1.14) | |
| CVD | Current smokers | 226/5871 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.75 | (0.53–1.06) | 0.78 | (0.54–1.14) | 0.62 | (0.40–0.97) | 0.037 | 11.9 | 0.94 | (0.85–1.04) |
| Ex-smokers | 94/4062 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.93 | (0.55–1.57) | 0.71 | (0.39–1.32) | 1.06 | (0.55–2.03) | 0.782 | −1.6 | 0.92 | (0.79–1.08) | |
| Never smokers | 117/9254 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.79 | (0.47–1.32) | 1.06 | (0.64–1.77) | 0.80 | (0.44–1.45) | 0.747 | 5.5 | 1.01 | (0.87–1.16) | |
| CHD | Current smokers | 125/5871 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.72 | (0.44–1.16) | 0.82 | (0.50–1.37) | 0.76 | (0.43–1.35) | 0.340 | 7.3 | 0.98 | (0.86–1.12) |
| Ex-smokers | 49/4062 | 1.00 | ref. | 1.07 | (0.52–2.20) | 0.52 | (0.20–1.37) | 1.48 | (0.63–3.47) | 0.828 | −11.9 | 0.91 | (0.73–1.13) | |
| Never smokers | 51/9254 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.76 | (0.34–1.71) | 1.32 | (0.62–2.85) | 0.97 | (0.39–2.40) | 0.710 | 0.8 | 1.10 | (0.88–1.37) | |
| Stroke | Current smokers | 50/5871 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.76 | (0.37–1.56) | 0.66 | (0.30–1.46) | 0.30 | (0.10–0.94) | 0.038 | 25.6 | 0.85 | (0.68–1.06) |
| Ex-smokers | 18/4062 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.70 | (0.15–3.23) | 1.86 | (0.49–7.00) | 2.09 | (0.49–8.87) | 0.172 | −19.3 | 1.34 | (0.91–1.98) | |
| Never smokers | 41/9254 | 1.00 | ref. | 0.55 | (0.23–1.30) | 0.57 | (0.24–1.34) | 0.43 | (0.16–1.17) | 0.110 | 22.1 | 0.85 | (0.66–1.08) | |
CI: confidence interval; CHD: coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HDI: healthy diet indicator; HR: hazard ratio; PP: preventable proportion.
All HRs are adjusted for sex, age, cohort, alcohol intake, education, household amenities score, marital status, energy intake, physical activity, vitamin supplement intake, HDI (without F&V component).
a
Per one unit increase across six intake categories (<100 g/d, 100–200 g/d, 200–300 g/d, 300–400 g/d, 400–500 g/d, >500 g/d).