Table 5.
Hazard ratios of cohort differences in all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke mortality with and without adjustment for fruit and vegetable intake.
| Cause of death | Cohort | Model 1 | Model 2 | Percentage change (%)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |||
| All-cause | Czech | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Polish | 1.22 (1.05–1.42) | 1.21 (1.04–1.40) | 4.5 | |
| Russian | 1.91 (1.66–2.19) | 1.82 (1.58–2.10) | 9.9 | |
| CVD | Czech | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Polish | 1.14 (0.86–1.51) | 1.11 (0.84–1.48) | 21.4 | |
| Russian | 2.87 (2.25–3.68) | 2.62 (2.04–3.36) | 13.4 | |
| CHD | Czech | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Polish | 1.23 (0.80–1.90) | 1.21 (0.79–1.87) | 8.7 | |
| Russian | 4.13 (2.87–5.96) | 3.86 (2.67–5.60) | 8.6 | |
| Stroke | Czech | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Polish | 1.26 (0.66–2.42) | 1.22 (0.64–2.35) | 15.4 | |
| Russian | 4.70 (2.74–8.04) | 4.15 (2.40–7.16) | 14.9 |
CI: confidence interval; F&V: fruit and vegetable; HR: hazard ratio.
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, F&V intake (as continuous variable).
a
Percentage change = (HR1–HR2)/(HR1–1)*100.