Table 2. Signs and symptoms of fatal (n = 21) and non-fatal (n = 52) leptospirosis patients at first presentation and during hospitalization, Puerto Rico, 2010.
| Signs or symptom | At first presentation | During hospitalization | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatal | Non-fatal | P-value | Fatal | Non-fatal | P-value | |
| (N = 21) | (N = 52) | (N = 21) | (N = 52) | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Fever* | 10 (47.6) | 31 (59.6) | 0.01 | 15 (71.4) | 49 (94.2) | 0.03 |
| Weakness/lethargy | 9 (42.9) | 27 (51.9) | 0.58 | 19 (90.5) | 46 (88.5) | 0.29 |
| Headache | 9 (42.9) | 26 (50.0) | 0.13 | 14 (66.7) | 41 (78.8) | 1.00 |
| Eye pain | 2 (9.5) | 4 (7.7) | 0.58 | 5 (23.8) | 9 (17.3) | 0.34 |
| Conjunctival suffusion | 0 (0.0) | 8 (15.4) | 0.07 | 3 (14.3) | 12 (23.1) | 0.67 |
| Conjunctival hemorrhage | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.8) | 1.00 | 2 (9.5) | 4 (9.6) | 0.58 |
| Icteric sclera | 6 (28.6) | 10 (19.2) | 1.00 | 14 (66.7) | 21 (40.4) | 0.37 |
| Jaundice | 6 (28.6) | 11 (21.2) | 0.65 | 17 (81.0) | 22 (42.3) | 0.02 |
| Cyanosis | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.08 | 6 (28.6) | 1 (1.9) | <0.01 |
| Petechia | 1 (4.8) | 9 (17.3) | 0.65 | 6 (28.6) | 15 (28.8) | 0.76 |
| Purpura | 3 (14.3) | 3 (5.8) | 0.17 | 5 (23.8) | 8 (15.4) | 1.00 |
| Rash | 1 (4.8) | 9 (17.3) | 1.00 | 3 (14.3) | 16 (30.8) | 0.14 |
| Dehydration | 8 (38.1) | 22 (42.3) | 0.06 | 16 (76.2) | 41 (78.8) | 1.00 |
| Edema | 5 (23.8) | 10 (19.2) | 0.70 | 16 (76.2) | 16 (30.8) | <0.01 |
| Effusion | 3 (14.3) | 10 (19.2) | 0.61 | 7 (33.3) | 18 (34.6) | 1.00 |
| Ascites | 2 (9.5) | 4 (7.7) | 1.00 | 4 (19.0) | 5 (9.6) | 0.31 |
| Cardiac effusion | 1 (4.8) | 1 (1.9) | 0.33 | 1 (4.8) | 1 (1.9) | 0.33 |
| Anorexia | 6 (28.6) | 19 (36.5) | 0.58 | 13 (61.9) | 32 (61.5) | 0.48 |
| Vomiting | 10 (47.6) | 18 (34.6) | 1.00 | 16 (76.2) | 30 (57.7) | 0.14 |
| Diarrhea | 10 (47.6) | 14 (26.9) | 0.53 | 15 (71.4) | 29 (55.8) | 0.13 |
| Hepatomegaly | 2 (9.5) | 6 (11.5) | 1.00 | 4 (19.0) | 10 (19.2) | 1.00 |
| Splenomegaly | 1 (4.8) | 5 (9.6) | 1.00 | 1 (4.8) | 8 (15.4) | 0.66 |
| Muscle pain | 15 (71.4) | 32 (61.5) | 1.00 | 19 (90.5) | 49 (94.2) | 1.00 |
| Leg pain | 7 (33.3) | 11 (21.2) | 0.25 | 15 (71.4) | 20 (38.5) | 0.01 |
| Dyspnea | 6 (28.6) | 14 (26.9) | 0.66 | 18 (85.7) | 27 (51.9) | 0.07 |
| Cough | 2 (9.5) | 15 (28.8) | 0.01 | 8 (38.1) | 30 (57.7) | 0.17 |
| Altered mental status | 6 (28.6) | 7 (13.5) | 0.45 | 18 (85.7) | 12 (23.1) | <0.01 |
| Meningitis | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | —† | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | —† |
| Encephalitis | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.50 | 2 (9.5) | 1 (1.9) | 0.17 |
| Seizure | 2 (9.5) | 1 (1.9) | 1.00 | 5 (23.8) | 1 (1.9) | 0.03 |
| Epistaxis | 1 (4.8) | 1 (1.9) | 1.00 | 5 (23.8) | 3 (5.8) | 0.10 |
| Hematemesis | 1 (4.8) | 2 (3.8) | 1.00 | 5 (23.8) | 7 (13.5) | 0.67 |
| Hemoptysis | 2 (9.5) | 4 (7.7) | 0.50 | 11 (52.4) | 8 (15.4) | 0.03 |
| Hematuria | 6 (28.6) | 21 (40.4) | 0.27 | 14 (66.7) | 36 (69.2) | 0.77 |
| Melena | 2 (9.5) | 4 (7.7) | 1.00 | 6 (28.6) | 10 (19.2) | 0.67 |
| Cerebral bleed | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | —† | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | —† |
*Subjective or objective
†Cannot be calculated due to missing information.