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Effects of dietary DHM, DHK, and kava on the ratio of NNAL-gluc and free NNAL in A/J mouse urine. Mice maintained on the specified diet were given NNK and euthanized at different time points thereafter (n = 3 per group except for the urine samples with DHM treatment at 0.5 hours; n = 2). Statistical analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s test relative to the corresponding NNK treatment group; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. Cont: control diet.
