Table 1.

Participant demographic, treatment, and health characteristics (N=283)

Characteristic	Valid n	n	%
Female	281	156	55.5
Hispanic ethnicity	282	25	8.9
Race*
Native American	283	12	4.2
Asian	283	4	1.4
Native Hawaiian	283	3	1.1
African American	283	13	4.6
White	283	254	89.8
Education	282
High school or less		76	27.0
Some college or technical school		157	55.7
College or post college		49	17.3
Currently employed	281	158	56.2
Past-year problems*
Prescription opioids	283	173	61.1
Heroin	283	57	20.1
Crack/cocaine	283	27	9.5
Marijuana	283	22	7.8
Methamphetamine	283	17	6.0
Alcohol	283	45	15.9
Tobacco	283	102	36.0
Lifetime opioid use*
Prescription opioids	282	268	95.0
Heroin	282	131	46.5
Both	282	123	43.6
Any intravenous drug use	280	119	42.5
Lifetime opioid treatment*
Methadone	270	114	42.2
Buprenorphine	272	153	56.3
Both	269	59	21.9
Neither	269	64	23.8
Fair or poor health	283	85	30.1
Pain*
Experience pain daily or constantly	280	149	53.3
Severe or very severe in past 4 weeks	283	49	17.3
Interfered with work quite a bit or   extremely in past 4 weeks	281	65	23.1

^*Items were not mutually exclusive and will not necessarily sum to 100%.