Table 2.

Consequences and Perceived Effects of Scientific Sharing and Withholding Among Academic Life Scientists, 2000 and 2013 National Surveys

Item	2000 respodents^a	2013 respondents^a	P value
No. of respondents (unweighted)	1,849	1,165
Negative consequences of another academic scientist’s failure to share, % answering “yes”
Stopped collaborating with another academic scientist	22.0	17.2	.01
Been unable to confirm others’ published results	21.1	24.2	.11
Abandoned a promising line of research	17.1	16.6	.80
Had a publication significantly delayed	17.2	15.1	.22
Delayed sharing with that person or group	13.2	7.5	.001
Refused to share your information, data or materials with that person or group	9.8	4.6	< .001
Negative consequences of sharing with another academic scientist, % answering “yes”
Been “scooped” by another scientist	28.1	25.7	.24
Compromised the ability of a graduate student, post- doctoral fellow, or junior faculty member to publish	10.1	9.4	.55
Been unable to benefit commercially from your results	5.9	2.6	< .001
Positive consequences of sharing with another academic scientist, % answering “yes”
Formed collaborations that led to publications	66.9	45.5	< .001
Performed research that would otherwise not have been possible	43.6	28.9	< .001
Formed collaborations that led to grants	39.5	32.1	.001
Opened a new line of research	37.5	27.3	< .001
Perceived effects of withholding, % answering “detracts somewhat” or “detracts greatly”
The progress of science in your field	64.5	56.7	.001
The level of communication in your field	67.0	54.9	< .001
The quality of your relationships with other academic scientists	52.4	44.0	.001
The progress of your research	47.9	40.4	.002
The education of students and post-doctoral fellows	47.6	38.8	< .001
Your satisfaction with your professional career	38.2	42.9	.04

Total survey respondent numbers are unweighted; all other data are weighted by strata based on the probability of being selected for inclusion in the sample. The number of responses for any individual cell in the table may vary slightly, depending on the small proportion of respondents who left the question blank.