Table 2.
Associations between potential risk factors and pancreatic cancer risk overall, and stratified by sex, the Singapore Chinese Health Study, 1993–2013
| Characteristics | Total subjects
|
Men
|
Women
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases, N | HR (95%CI)a | Cases, N | HR (95%CI)a | Cases, N | HR (95%CI)a | |
| Age | 271 | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) | 138 | 1.10 (1.07–1.12) | 133 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) |
| Female vs. Male | 271 | 0.70 (0.55–0.89) | 138 | 133 | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||
| <18.5 | 22 | 1.44 (0.91–2.27) | 13 | 1.53 (0.84–2.79) | 9 | 1.33 (0.66–2.69) |
| 18.5–21.4 | 62 | 1.18 (0.86–1.60) | 37 | 1.27 (0.84–1.92) | 25 | 1.06 (0.66–1.70) |
| 21.5–24.4 | 114 | 1.00 (ref) | 57 | 1.00 (ref) | 57 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 24.5–27.4 | 55 | 1.33 (0.97–1.84) | 26 | 1.20 (0.75–1.90) | 29 | 1.48 (0.95–2.32) |
| ≥27.5 | 18 | 0.93 (0.56–1.52) | 5 | 0.58 (0.23–1.45) | 13 | 1.21 (0.66–2.21) |
| Education | ||||||
| No formal education | 82 | 1.00 (ref) | 14 | 1.00 (ref) | 68 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Primary school | 121 | 1.07 (0.78–1.45) | 75 | 1.30 (0.73–2.32) | 46 | 1.00 (0.68–1.49) |
| Secondary school | 68 | 1.16 (0.81–1.68) | 49 | 1.45 (0.79–2.67) | 19 | 1.02 (0.60–1.76) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never smokers | 166 | 1.00 (ref) | 54 | 1.00 (ref) | 112 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Former smokers | 34 | 0.96 (0.64–1.45) | 31 | 0.92 (0.59–1.44) | 3 | 0.76 (0.24–2.41) |
| Current smokers | 71 | 1.40 (1.02–1.92) | 53 | 1.24 (0.84–1.81) | 18 | 1.93 (1.17–3.20) |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||
| Nondrinkers | 222 | 1.00 (ref) | 105 | 1.00 (ref) | 117 | 1.00 (ref) |
| < 7 drinks/week | 39 | 1.00 (0.71–1.42) | 24 | 0.77 (0.49–1.20) | 15 | 1.68 (0.98–2.89)b |
| ≥ 7 drinks/week | 10 | 0.80 (0.42–1.52) | 9 | 0.79 (0.40–1.56) | 1 | -- |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 241 | 1.00 (ref) | 122 | 1.00 (ref) | 119 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 30 | 1.30 (0.88–1.90) | 16 | 1.49 (0.88–2.52) | 14 | 1.19 (0.64–1.95) |
| Weekly vitamin/mineral supplement use | ||||||
| No | 256 | 1.00 (ref) | 132 | 1.00 (ref) | 124 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 15 | 0.89 (0.53–1.51) | 6 | 0.80 (0.35–1.82) | 9 | 0.99 (0.50–1.94) |
a
HR and 95% CI were adjusted for age (years), sex, father’s dialect group (Cantonese, Hokkien), and year of interview (1993–1995, 1996–1998).
b
HR and 95% CI were calculated for drinkers vs. nondrinkers. Only one case was in women ≥ 7 drinks/week, and thus < 7 drinks/week was combined with ≥ 7 drinks/week.