Table 3.
Age and multivariable-adjusted HR (95 % CI) of all-cause mortality in men and women according to quintiles of vitamin intakes
| Quintiles of vitamin intake | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (low) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (high) | |
| Men | |||||
| Vitamin C | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | 0.62 (0.53–0.74) | 0.68 (0.58–0.80) | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.72 (0.61–0.85) | 0.80 (0.68–0.95) | 0.92 (0.78–1.09) |
| Vitamin E | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.97 (0.83–1.15) | 0.97 (0.83–1.15) | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) |
| Beta-carotenec | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 0.94 (0.69–1.26) | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | 0.96 (0.69–1.33) | 0.87 (0.68–1.12) | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) |
| Women | |||||
| Vitamin C | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.78 (0.62–0.99) | 0.76 (0.60–0.97) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 0.91 (0.71–1.16) |
| Vitamin E | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 0.66 (0.52–0.83) | 0.74 (0.59–0.93) | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.85 (0.69–1.06) | 0.67 (0.53–0.84) | 0.77 (0.61–0.97) | 0.85 (0.67–1.08) |
| Beta-carotene | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.97 (0.77–1.20) | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) | 0.86 (0.68–1.08) | 0.88 (0.70–1.10) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 1.03 (0.83–1.29) | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 0.86 (0.68–1.08) |
aAdjusted to: age, country
bAdjusted to: age, country, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, history of CVD or cancer, total energy intake
cSignificant heterogeneity between cohorts was found, see also Supplementary Table I for country-specific results