Table 4.
Age and multivariable-adjusted HR (95 % CI) of CVD mortality in men and women according to quintiles of vitamin intakes
| Quintiles of vitamin intake | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (low) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (high) | |
| Men | |||||
| Vitamin C | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.90 (0.73–1.11) | 0.58 (0.45–0.75) | 0.66 (0.51–0.85) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | 0.65 (0.50–0.84) | 0.77 (0.59–0.99) | 0.94 (0.74–1.21) |
| Vitamin E | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.95 (0.72–1.23) | 0.96 (0.74–1.25) | 1.09 (0.85–1.41) | 1.33 (1.04–1.41) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.95 (0.72–1.23) | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 1.20 (0.93–1.54) |
| Beta-carotenec | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.74 (0.58–0.96) | 0.94 (0.66–1.35) | 0.93 (0.74–1.18) | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.76 (0.58–0.98) | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | 0.90 (0.71–1.14) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) |
| Women | |||||
| Vitamin C | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.72 (0.51–1.00) | 0.84 (0.60–1.19) | 0.73 (0.51–1.06) | 0.72 (0.49–1.05) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.75 (0.53–1.05) | 0.93 (0.66–1.32) | 0.86 (0.60–1.25) | 0.87 (0.59–1.28) |
| Vitamin E | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) | 0.82 (0.57–1.17) | 0.73 (0.50–1.07) | 0.81 (0.56–1.18) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) | 0.81 (0.56–1.16) | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) | 0.81 (0.55–1.18) |
| Beta-carotene | |||||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.95 (0.66–1.36) | 0.87 (0.61–1.25) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 0.89 (0.62–1.27) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | 0.95 (0.66–1.37) | 0.73 (0.49–1.08) | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) |
aAdjusted to: age, country
bAdjusted to: age, country, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, history of CVD or cancer, total energy intake
cSignificant heterogeneity between cohorts was found, see also Supplementary Table II for country-specific results