Table 3.
Risk of all-cause mortality among incident MS patients
| Characteristic | Crude HR (95 % CI) | p value | Adjusted HRa (95 % CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.4 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.7 |
| Female | Reference | Reference | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | Reference | Reference | ||
| Current | 2.7 (1.7–4.3) | <0.0001 | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) | 0.006 |
| Former | 2.4 (1.4–4.3) | 0.002 | 2.5 (1.3–4.5) | 0.004 |
| Unknown | 2.4 (1.3–4.3) | 0.003 | 2.5 (1.3–5.0) | 0.007 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 2.2 (0.8–6.0) | 0.1 | 1.6 (0.5–5.0) | 0.4 |
| 18.5–24.99 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 25.0–29.99 | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.5 | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.4 |
| ≥30 | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 0.7 | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 0.8 |
| Unknown | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.9 | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.7 |
| Alcohol abuse | 7.5 (3.6–15.7) | <0.0001 | 7.6 (3.2–17.7) | <0.0001 |
| Type of MSb | ||||
| RRMS | Reference | Reference | ||
| PPMS | 1.7 (0.8–3.6) | 0.2 | 2.2 (0.9–5.5)c | 0.1 |
| SPMS | 3.3 (1.5–6.9) | <0.0001 | 1.7 (0.6–4.6)c | 0.3 |
| Unknown | 3.2 (0.8–12.5) | 0.09 | 7.7 (1.8–33.3)c | 0.007 |
| Symptoms at onsetb | ||||
| Sensory | Reference | Reference | ||
| Motor | 2.7 (1.0–7.0) | 0.04 | 5.8 (1.8–18.1)e | 0.003 |
| Optic neuritis | 1.8 (0.6–5.4) | 0.3 | 4.0 (1.1–14.6)e | 0.04 |
| Multiple symptomsd | 3.6 (1.2–10.8) | 0.02 | 9.0 (2.2–36.3)e | 0.002 |
| Other | 2.0 (0.6–6.6) | 0.2 | 5.2 (1.2–21.4)e | 0.02 |
| Missing | 2.9 (0.9–9.2) | 0.08 | 11.3 (2.9–43.4)e | 0.0004 |
BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, MS multiple sclerosis, PPMS primary progressive MS, RRMS relapsing-remitting MS
aEstimates of HRs were obtained in a Cox regression model including sex, year of birth, smoking status, body mass index, a history of alcohol use, acute infection, chronic comorbidities, and MS treatment
bAmong 851 MS cases confirmed by original records (1993–2006)
cEstimates of HRs were obtained in a Cox regression model including sex, year of birth, smoking status, body mass index, a history of alcohol use, acute infection, chronic comorbidities, MS treatment, and type of MS
d49 MS patients with multiple different symptoms at onset
eEstimates of HRs were obtained in a Cox regression model including sex, year of birth, smoking status, body mass index, a history of alcohol use, acute infection, chronic comorbidities, MS treatment, and symptoms at onset