Table 4.
Comorbidities and MS medications and risk of all-cause mortality among incident MS patients
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude HR (95 % CI) | p value | Adjusted HRa (95 % CI) | p value | |
| Acute infectionsb | ||||
| Pneumonia and influenza | 4.8 (3.1–7.5) | <0.0001 | 2.7 (1.6–4.5) | 0.0001 |
| Other acute respiratory infection | 2.2 (1.5–3.3) | <0.0001 | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 0.2 |
| Urinary tract infection | 4.8 (3.3–7.1) | <0.0001 | 4.1 (2.7–6.3) | <0.0001 |
| Other infection | 2.6 (1.8–3.8) | <0.0001 | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 0.02 |
| Chronic comorbiditiesb | ||||
| COPD and asthma | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 0.1 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.9 |
| Depression | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | 0.06 | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 |
| Diabetes | 2.4 (1.3–4.3) | 0.003 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 0.6 |
| Hypertension | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 0.6 | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.2 |
| Heart disease | 3.1 (1.8–5.3) | <0.0001 | 2.2 (1.2–4.2) | 0.01 |
| Cancer | 5.5 (3.4–8.6) | <0.0001 | 4.9 (2.9–8.0) | <0.0001 |
| Comedicationsb | ||||
| MS treatmentc | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 0.03 | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 0.05 |
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, MS multiple sclerosis
aEstimates of HRs were obtained in a Cox regression model including sex, year of birth, smoking status, body mass index, a history of alcohol use, acute infection, chronic comorbidities, and MS treatment
bTime-varying variables
cIncludes disease-modifying medications (interferons, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, and natalizumab), steroids, and symptomatic management drugs (tizanidine, baclofen, amantadine HCL, modafinil, and fampridine)