TABLE III.
Association of Maternal Characteristics With Risk of Craniosynostosis, Overall and by Affected Suture(s), Among Mothers Who Did Not Have Thyroid Disease
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)* |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cases (n = 962) |
Sagittal (n = 513) |
Metopic (n = 174) |
Coronal (n = 169) |
Lambdoidal (n = 31) |
Multiple suture (n = 72) |
|
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <25 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) |
| 25–29 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 30–34 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.5) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) |
| 35 or older | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 2.5 (0.9, 6.9) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.1) |
| Race-ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) | – | 0.1 (0.01, 0.7) |
| Hispanic | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 3.4 (1.5, 7.9) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) |
| Other | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.2) | 0.6 (0.1, 5.0) | 0.2 (0.02, 1.1) |
| Parity (previous live births) | ||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) |
| 2 or more | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.7) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) | 0.7 (0.1, 5.0) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.6) |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) |
| Obesity (30–39.9 kg/m2) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.5) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) |
| Extreme obesity (40 or more kg/m2) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.5) | 1.8 (0.8, 4.0) | – | – |
| Fertility medications or procedures | 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.7) | 1.7 (1.0, 3.0) | 1.6 (0.5, 5.6) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.3) |
| Previous miscarriage | ||||||
| None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 2.3 (1.1, 5.0) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.5) |
| 2 or more | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.6 (0.1, 4.7) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.2) |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Pre-gestational | 1.2 (0.5, 2.5) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.7) | 0.8 (0.1, 6.1) | 3.4 (1.2, 10.0) | – | – |
| Gestational | 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.9) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.4) | 1.7 (0.5, 5.8) | 1.7 (0.8, 3.9) |
| Hypertension (before or during pregnancy) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 0.7 (0.2, 2.3) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.1) |
| Took anti-depressants (from 3 months before or during pregnancy) |
1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | 2.4 (0.7, 8.3) | 1.2 (0.4, 3.3) |
| Took iron supplements | ||||||
| None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Began in 1st trimester | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.7) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) |
| Began in 2nd trimester | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) | – | 0.8 (0.3, 1.8) |
| Began in 3rd trimester | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) | 0.7 (0.1, 5.5) | – |
| Smoking (1st trimester) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 3.2 (1.4, 7.3) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) |
| Alcohol consumption (1st trimester) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) |
*
All odds ratios are adjusted for all other variables in the table. All models included 7,417 controls. Cases (n = 68 of 1,030) and controls (n = 886 of 8,303) with missing data on any covariates were excluded. Bold font indicates 95 % CI excluding 1.0 before rounding into one decimal place.