Table 2.
Overview OMV vaccines tested in mice (or other rodents)
| Pathogen | disease | Type OMV | Active component | Dose | Adjuvants | Response | Additional info | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter baumannii | Pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis | S‐OMV | Multiple | 2 × 50 μg IM | ALPhos | Humoral response (specific IgG and IgM) and protection in challenge study | Specific mouse model for sepsis | [177] |
| Bordetella pertussis | Whooping cough | D‐OMV (EDTA, sonication + DOC) | Multiple | 2 × 5 μg protein IP | AlOH IP; no IN | Protection against IN challenge (comparable to whole inactivated pathogen vaccine); Also innate | Reactogenicity: some loss in weight gain test (mice) | [132] |
| id | id | D‐OMV (sonication + DOC) | Multiple | 2 × 3 μg, 20 μg IN | No | Protection against IN challenge (both 3 and 20 μg) | LPS PagL modified; no weight loss; proper IL‐6 respons | [133] |
| Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis | id | D‐OMV | Multiple | 2 × 3 μg IN | AlOH | Protection against IN challenge | Formalin inactivated; LPS of parapertussis less reactogenic | [134] |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Lyme | N‐OMV (vortexed, sucrose gradient) | Multiple, including DpbA, OspA and OspC | 4 × 60 μl OMV from 109 spirochetes IM and ID | No | Protection against challenge; various antibodies measured | Tested in rabbits, no LPS modification required | [168] |
| Brucella melitensis | Brucellosis | S‐OMV | Multiple | 2 × 5 μg IM | no | Protection against challenge (smooth 2 log; rough 3 log units) | cytokine expression of APC (DC) | [178] |
| Burkholderia mallei & pseudomallei | Melioidosis | S‐OMV | Multiple | 3 × 2.5 μg SC & IN | no | Protection against nasal challenge for SC; reduction of pathogen no elimination; cellular & humoral response | no LPS removal required IN not effective | [140] |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | Melioidosis | S‐OMV (precipitation) | Multiple | 3 × 5 μg SC | no | Protection against challenge | Diverse bactericidal antibody response | [179] |
| Chlamydia muridarum antigen in E. coli | Chlamydia | S‐OMV | Serine protease HtrA (DegP) | 3 × 50 μg IM (total protein) | AlOH | Induction of neutralizing antibodies | Antigen coupled to E. coli OmpA; No modified LPS | [147] |
| Francisella (strains) | Tularemia | S‐OMV | multiple | 1 × 20 μg IN | no | Protection against challenge | No LPS reduction required | [141] |
| Helicobacter pylori and H. felis | Gastritis, ulcer, gastric | S‐OMV | multiple | 4 × 50 μg IG | Cholera toxin 10 μg | Protection against challenge cancer | Mucosal IgA ; no cross protection | [137, 180] |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Lung infections | S‐OMV | Multiple | 20 μg IT | NA | Cytokine induction; innate response. OMVs induce lung pathology in mouse pneumonia model | No damage in vitro cell culture | [181] |
| Neisseria meningitidis type B | Meningitis | N‐OMV | Multiple (iron limited culture) | 2 × 0.1 – 20 μg IN or IP | No. | Bactericidal antibodies (SBA) | IN requires 8–10 times higher dose than IP; bacteria warmed and sheared | [112] |
| id | id | S‐OMV/N‐OMV TFF | fHbp, (+ multiple) | 2 × 2.5 μg IP | AlOH | High antibody titers with bactercidal effect (SBA) | Bacteria killed with phenol; modified LPS | [129] |
| id | id | S‐OMV | Multiple (increased fHbp) | 3 × 0.2, 2, or 5 μg | AlOH | Induction bactericidal antibodies; cross protection | Engineered GMMA, modified LpxL1 | [128] |
| Neisseria lactamica | D‐OMV | Multiple | 2 × 10 μg IP | AlOH | Strain specific Bactericidal antibodies (SBA) | No Cross‐reactive SBA, but antisera did mediate opsonophagocytosis | [182] | |
| Porphy‐romonas gingivalis | Chronic periodontitis | S‐OMV (ammonium sulph precipitat) | Multiple | 2 × 100 μg SC | IFA | Protection against induction of lesions; IgG and IgM antibody response | Comparison with LPS, OMF | [135] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Lung infections | S‐OMV TFF | Multiple | 6 × 500 μg IN | No LPS) | Protection against challenge | potent innate immune response; induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines; TLR‐4 | [138] |
| Salmonella typhimurium | Typhoid fever, gastroenteritis | S‐OMV (AmSulph precipitation) | Multiple | 100 μg IP, repeated | No (NA) | Stimulation of macrophages and dendritic cells; pro‐inflammatory cytokines | Innate response, involving but not only relying on TLR‐4 | [92] |
| Shigella | Shigellosis | Multi serotype | 4 × 50 μg oral | No (ref to LPS) | Transfer of passive immunity to offspring | [183] | ||
| Vibrio cholerae | Cholera | S‐OMV | Multiple | 3 × 25 μg IN, IG, 1 × 1 μg + 2 × 0.25 μg IP | No | Elevated Ig titer against OMV antigens; IgA by mucosal route (IN best); Protection against challenge in offspring (prevent colonization) | Long lasting (3 months) response | [136] |
| id | id | S‐OMV | Multiple | 3 × 25 μg | no | Protection against challenge in offspring (prevent colonization) | oral response less robust than intranasal | [139] |
IP, intraperitoneal; IM, intramuscular; ID, intradermal; IN, intranasal; IG, intragastric; IT, intratracheal; SC, subcutaneous; IFA, incomplete Freunds adjuvants ; APC, antigen presenting cell; DC, dendritic cell