Table 3.

Imaging agents for antitumor immune function in published preclinical studies.

IMAGING AGENT	TARGETING CONCEPT	IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
18F-/64Cu anti-CD11b or MHC-II81	Labeled antibody fragments binding to CD11b or MHC II on tumor macrophage or myeloid cells	PET
64Cu-anti-CD876	Labeled antibody fragments binding to CD8 on tumor infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes	PET
89Zr-anti-CD878	Labeled antibody fragments binding to CD8 on tumor infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes	PET
18F-FEAU101	Labeled ligand identifies viral transgene in activated CAR-T that are present in tumor	PET
111I-anti-PD-L184	Labeled monoclonal antibody binds to PD-L1 expressed on macrophage and tumor cells	SPECT
89Zr-anti-CD4783	Labeled monoclonal antibody binds to CD47 expressed on cells within tumor	PET
64Cu-Anti-CTLA-480	Labeled monoclonal antibody binds to CTLA-4 expressed on cytotoxic T lymphocytes within tumor	PET
MB-anti-B7-H385	Ultrasound microbubbles labeled with monoclonal antibody against B7-H3. Identifies cells expressing B7-H3 on macrophage and tumor cells	US
64Cu-SPION102	CAR-T cells loaded with 64Cu-SPION (iron nanoparticles). Image accumulation of therapeutic CAR-T	PET
DiR labeled T cells103	DiR fluorophore, activated by near-Infrared light, is used to label T cells. T cells that located in tumor are imaged	Fluorescence imaging

Abbreviations: CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell; CD8, cluster of differentiation 8; CD11b, integrin alpha M; CD47, integrin-associated protein; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; ⁶⁴Cu, copper-64; DiR, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide; ¹⁸F, fluorine 18; FEAU, 1-(2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethyluridine; ¹¹¹I, indium 111; MB, minibody; MHC II, major histocompatibility complex 2; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1; PET, positron emission tomography; SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography; SPION, super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; US, ultrasound; ⁸⁹Zr, zirconium 89.