Table 1.
Descriptive statistics: unweighted/weighted N=9,332/2,091,774
| Continuous variables | Mean (standard deviation)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All samples | Hospital/ED visit
|
PCP office visit
|
|||||
| Yes | No | Univariate logit test | Yes | No | Univariate logit test | ||
| Number of pulmonary care specialists per 100,000 persons | 3.06 (3.49) | 2.91 (3.44) | 3.09 (3.50) | P=0.361 | 3.06 (3.40) | 3.06 (3.56) | P=0.999 |
| Number of RHCs per 100,000 persons | 1.91 (4.88) | 2.06 (4.84) | 1.89 (4.89) | P=0.420 | 1.86 (4.72) | 1.96 (5.01) | P=0.704 |
| Number of FQHCs per 100,000 persons | 2.16 (4.12) | 2.41 (4.27) | 2.11 (4.09) | P=0.069 | 2.19 (4.05) | 2.14 (4.17) | P=0.635 |
| Number of hospitals per 100,000 persons | 2.10 (1.82) | 2.26 (1.87) | 2.07 (1.80) | P=0.024* | NA | ||
| Number of PCPs per 10,000 persons | 7.06 (3.07) | NA | 7.07 (3.03) | 7.05 (3.10) | P=0.823 | ||
| Categorical variables | Proportion (%)
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| All samples | Proportion of hospital/ED visit = yes (chi-square test) | Proportion of PCP office visit = yes (chi-square test) | |
| Hospital/ED visit | P<0.001* | ||
| Yes | 16.2 | NA | 90.6 |
| No | 83.8 | 35.2 | |
| PCP office visit | P<0.001* | ||
| Yes | 44.2 | 33.3 | NA |
| No | 55.8 | 2.7 | |
| Annual income | P<0.001* | P<0.001* | |
| <$15k | 22.6 | 26.5 | 51.4 |
| $15k–<$25k | 27.6 | 18.0 | 45.5 |
| $25k–<$35k | 14.0 | 13.3 | 43.2 |
| $35k–<$50k | 13.7 | 12.4 | 38.0 |
| $50k–<$70k | 11.3 | 8.8 | 42.0 |
| ≥$70k | 10.9 | 6.5 | 37.1 |
| COPD medication | P<0.001* | P<0.001* | |
| 0 | 42.3 | 7.7 | 24.8 |
| 1 | 22.4 | 13.2 | 43.9 |
| 2 | 16.3 | 20.8 | 59.3 |
| 3 | 9.6 | 30.8 | 72.4 |
| ≥4 | 9.4 | 38.8 | 76.9 |
| Age-group (years) | P=0.015* | P=0.002* | |
| 18–34 | 11.2 | 16.2 | 32.8 |
| 35–44 | 10.7 | 22.6 | 46.1 |
| 45–54 | 20.8 | 19.1 | 49.7 |
| 55–64 | 24.9 | 14.6 | 45.8 |
| 65+ | 32.3 | 13.5 | 42.7 |
| Sex | P=0.048* | P<0.001* | |
| Male | 43.1 | 14.3 | 37.9 |
| Female | 56.9 | 17.6 | 49.0 |
| Race | P<0.001* | P=0.005* | |
| Caucasian | 77.6 | 13.9 | 42.1 |
| African–American | 11.7 | 28.2 | 54.2 |
| Hispanic | 4.7 | 18.3 | 41.4 |
| Other races | 5.9 | 21.7 | 53.7 |
| Marital status | P=0.021* | P=0.115 | |
| Married | 48.9 | 14.1 | 44.3 |
| Single | 14.8 | 18.6 | 40.5 |
| Divorced | 20.2 | 20.1 | 48.1 |
| Widowed | 12.9 | 14.8 | 43.6 |
| Separated | 3.1 | 18.4 | 37.2 |
| Education | P<0.001* | P=0.202 | |
| Some high school | 22.6 | 22.0 | 47.9 |
| High-school graduation | 34.7 | 15.8 | 43.3 |
| Some college | 30.7 | 14.3 | 42.9 |
| College graduation | 12.0 | 11.4 | 43.1 |
| Employment | P<0.001* | P=0.003* | |
| Yes | 30.7 | 11.1 | 39.5 |
| No | 69.3 | 18.5 | 46.3 |
| Smoking status | P=0.577 | P=0.008* | |
| Nonsmoker | 59.0 | 16.6 | 46.5 |
| Current smoker | 41.0 | 15.7 | 40.9 |
| Myocardial infarction | P<0.001* | P<0.001* | |
| Yes | 16.6 | 26.7 | 56.4 |
| No | 83.4 | 14.1 | 41.8 |
| Angina or coronary heart disease | P<0.001* | P<0.001* | |
| Yes | 16.8 | 24.6 | 56.3 |
| No | 83.2 | 14.5 | 41.8 |
| Stroke | P<0.001* | P=0.073 | |
| Yes | 8.9 | 23.1 | 49.1 |
| No | 91.1 | 15.6 | 43.7 |
| Asthma | P<0.001* | P<0.001* | |
| Yes | 42.9 | 20.8 | 54.2 |
| No | 57.1 | 12.8 | 36.7 |
| Cancer | P=0.823 | P=0.007* | |
| Yes | 21.9 | 16.5 | 48.4 |
| No | 78.1 | 16.1 | 43.0 |
| Arthritis | P=0.233 | P<0.001* | |
| Yes | 57.1 | 17.0 | 48.4 |
| No | 42.9 | 15.2 | 38.5 |
| Depression | P<0.001* | P<0.001* | |
| Yes | 39.2 | 19.8 | 50.1 |
| No | 60.8 | 13.9 | 40.4 |
| Kidney disease | P<0.001* | P=0.003* | |
| Yes | 7.0 | 24.7 | 54.2 |
| No | 93.0 | 15.6 | 43.4 |
| Diabetes | P=0.004* | P<0.001* | |
| Yes | 20.0 | 20.2 | 52.1 |
| No | 80.0 | 15.2 | 42.2 |
Notes: Region, health care coverage, and year variables were not included in Table 1.
*
P<0.05.
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; RHCs, rural health centers; FQHCs, federally qualified health centers; NA, not applicable; PCP, primary care physician.