Table 2.
Unadjusted associations of birth size and early life growth with mid-childhood blood pressure*
| Early life growth | N | Mean ± SD | β (95% CI) in mid-childhood BP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | |||
|
|
|
|||
| Birth size | ||||
| SGA (<10th percentile) | 54 | −1.66±0.30 | −1.14 (−3.57, 1.28) | 0.91 (−0.66, 2.48) |
| AGA (10 –≤90th percentile) | 771 | 0.07±0.65 | 0.00 (Reference) | Reference (0.00) |
| LGA (>90th percentile) | 132 | 1.75±0.39 | −0.53 (−2.16, 1.09) | −1.23 (−2.28, −0.17) |
| Per 1 unit BWZ† | 957 | 0.21±0.96 | 0.18 (−0.41, 0.76) | −0.45 (−0.83, −0.07) |
| BMI z-score change‡ | ||||
| Birth - 6 months | 475 | 0.11±1.30 | 0.88 (0.31, 1.46) | 0.42 (0.04, 0.81) |
| 6 months - 1 year | 661 | −0.08±0.83 | 0.59 (−0.19, 1.37) | 0.07 (−0.45, 0.58) |
| 1 – 2 years | 758 | −0.13±0.94 | −0.03 (−0.69, 0.62) | −0.09 (−0.52, 0.33) |
| 2 – 3 years | 703 | 0.28±0.88 | 0.58 (−0.14, 1.30) | 0.07 (−0.40, 0.55) |
| Length/height z-score change‡ | ||||
| Birth - 6 months | 470 | −0.50±1.02 | 0.29 (−0.45, 1.04) | 0.19 (−0.30, 0.69) |
| 6 months- 1 year | 674 | 0.38±0.76 | 0.61 (−0.24, 1.46) | 0.19 (−0.36, 0.75) |
| 1 – 2 years | 819 | 0.30±0.92 | 0.45 (−0.19, 1.10) | −0.21 (−0.63, 0.21) |
| 2 – 3 years | 762 | −0.45±0.73 | 0.12 (−0.71, 0.96) | −0.15 (−0.71, 0.40) |
*
Bolded estimate represent statistical significance at P<0.05.
†
BWZ: Sex-specific birthweight-for-gestational-age z-score according to U.S. natality reference data.19