Table 2.
Neurotransmitter map of the hermaphrodite nervous system.
| Neuron class | Neuron | Neurotransmitter | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADA | ADAL | Glu | |
| ADAR | Glu | ||
| ADE | ADEL | DA | |
| ADER | DA | ||
| ADF | ADFL | ACh & 5HT | |
| ADFR | ACh & 5HT | ||
| ADL | ADLL | Glu | |
| ADLR | Glu | ||
| AFD | AFDL | Glu | |
| AFDR | Glu | ||
| AIA | AIAL | ACh | |
| AIAR | ACh | ||
| AIB | AIBL | Glu | |
| AIBR | Glu | ||
| AIM | AIML | Glu & 5HT | |
| AIMR | Glu & 5HT | ||
| AIN | AINL | ACh | |
| AINR | ACh | ||
| AIY | AIYL | ACh | |
| AIYR | ACh | ||
| AIZ | AIZL | Glu | |
| AIZR | Glu | ||
| ALA | ALA | Unknown (orphan) | Newly assigned as mechanosensory (based on Sanders et al., 2013) |
| ALM | ALML | Glu | |
| ALMR | Glu | ||
| ALN | ALNL | ACh | Classified as sensory because of expression of oxygen sensors |
| ALNR | ACh | ||
| AQR | AQR | Glu | |
| AS | AS1 | ACh | |
| AS2 | ACh | ||
| AS3 | ACh | ||
| AS4 | ACh | ||
| AS5 | ACh | ||
| AS6 | ACh | ||
| AS7 | ACh | ||
| AS8 | ACh | ||
| AS9 | ACh | ||
| AS10 | ACh | ||
| AS11 | ACh | ||
| ASE | ASEL | Glu | |
| ASER | Glu | ||
| ASG | ASGL | Glu | |
| ASGR | Glu | ||
| ASH | ASHL | Glu | |
| ASHR | Glu | ||
| ASI | ASIL | Unknown (orphan) | |
| ASIR | Unknown (orphan) | ||
| ASJ | ASJL | ACh | |
| ASJR | ACh | ||
| ASK | ASKL | Glu | |
| ASKR | Glu | ||
| AUA | AUAL | Glu | |
| AUAR | Glu | ||
| AVA | AVAL | ACh | |
| AVAR | ACh | ||
| AVB | AVBL | ACh | |
| AVBR | ACh | ||
| AVD | AVDL | ACh | |
| AVDR | ACh | ||
| AVE | AVEL | ACh | |
| AVER | ACh | ||
| AVF | AVFL | Unknown (orphan) | |
| AVFR | Unknown (orphan) | ||
| AVG | AVG | ACh | |
| AVH | AVHL | Unknown (orphan) | |
| AVHR | Unknown (orphan) | ||
| AVJ | AVJL | Unknown (orphan) | |
| AVJR | Unknown (orphan) | ||
| AVK | AVKL | Unknown (orphan) | |
| AVKR | Unknown (orphan) | ||
| AVL | AVL | GABA | |
| AVM | AVM | Glu | |
| AWA | AWAL | Unknown (orphan) | |
| AWAR | Unknown (orphan) | ||
| AWB | AWBL | ACh | |
| AWBR | ACh | ||
| AWC | AWCL | Glu | |
| AWCR | Glu | ||
| BAG | BAGL | Glu | |
| BAGR | Glu | ||
| BDU | BDUL | Unknown (orphan) | |
| BDUR | Unknown (orphan) | ||
| CAN | CANL | unknown MA (cat-1) | |
| CANR | unknown MA (cat-1) | ||
| CEP | CEPDL | DA | |
| CEPDR | DA | ||
| CEPVL | DA | ||
| CEPVR | DA | ||
| DA | DA1 | ACh | |
| DA2 | ACh | ||
| DA3 | ACh | ||
| DA4 | ACh | ||
| DA5 | ACh | ||
| DA6 | ACh | ||
| DA7 | ACh | ||
| DA8 | ACh | ||
| DA9 | ACh | ||
| DB | DB1/3 | ACh | |
| DB2 | ACh | ||
| DB3/1 | ACh | ||
| DB4 | ACh | ||
| DB5 | ACh | ||
| DB6 | ACh | ||
| DB7 | ACh | ||
| DD | DD1 | GABA | |
| DD2 | GABA | ||
| DD3 | GABA | ||
| DD4 | GABA | ||
| DD5 | GABA | ||
| DD6 | GABA | ||
| DVA | DVA | ACh | |
| DVB | DVB | GABA | |
| DVC | DVC | Glu | |
| FLP | FLPL | Glu | |
| FLPR | Glu | ||
| HSN | HSNL | ACh & 5HT | |
| HSNR | ACh & 5HT | ||
| IL1 | IL1DL | Glu | Also a clear motor neuron |
| IL1DR | Glu | ||
| IL1L | Glu | ||
| IL1R | Glu | ||
| IL1VL | Glu | ||
| IL1VR | Glu | ||
| IL2 | IL2DL | ACh | Also a clear motor neuron |
| IL2DR | ACh | ||
| IL2L | ACh | ||
| IL2R | ACh | ||
| IL2VL | ACh | ||
| IL2VR | ACh | ||
| LUA | LUAL | Glu | |
| LUAR | Glu | ||
| OLL | OLLL | Glu | |
| OLLR | Glu | ||
| OLQ | OLQDL | Glu | |
| OLQDR | Glu | ||
| OLQVL | Glu | ||
| OLQVR | Glu | ||
| PDA | PDA | ACh | |
| PDB | PDB | ACh | |
| PDE | PDEL | DA | |
| PDER | DA | ||
| PHA | PHAL | Glu | |
| PHAR | Glu | ||
| PHB | PHBL | Glu | |
| PHBR | Glu | ||
| PHC | PHCL | Glu | |
| PHCR | Glu | ||
| PLM | PLML | Glu | |
| PLMR | Glu | ||
| PLN | PLNL | ACh | |
| PLNR | ACh | ||
| PQR | PQR | Glu | |
| PVC | PVCL | ACh | |
| PVCR | ACh | ||
| PVD | PVDL | Glu | |
| PVDR | Glu | ||
| PVM | PVM | Unknown (orphan) | |
| PVN | PVNL | ACh | Only very few minor NMJs, more prominent neuron-neuron synapses |
| PVNR | ACh | ||
| PVP | PVPL | ACh | |
| PVPR | ACh | ||
| PVQ | PVQL | Glu | |
| PVQR | Glu | ||
| PVR | PVR | Glu | |
| PVT | PVT | Unknown (orphan) | |
| PVW | PVWL | Unknown (orphan) | |
| PVWR | Unknown (orphan) | ||
| RIA | RIAL | Glu | |
| RIAR | Glu | ||
| RIB | RIBL | ACh | |
| RIBR | ACh | ||
| RIC | RICL | Octopamine | |
| RICR | Octopamine | ||
| RID | RID | Unknown (orphan) | |
| RIF | RIFL | ACh | |
| RIFR | ACh | ||
| RIG | RIGL | Glu | |
| RIGR | Glu | ||
| RIH | RIH | ACh & 5HT | |
| RIM | RIML | Glu & Tyramine | |
| RIMR | Glu & Tyramine | ||
| RIP | RIPL | Unknown (orphan) | |
| RIPR | Unknown (orphan) | ||
| RIR | RIR | ACh | |
| RIS | RIS | GABA | |
| RIV | RIVL | ACh | Only very few minor NMJs, more prominent neuron-neuron synapses |
| RIVR | ACh | ||
| RMD | RMDDL | ACh | |
| RMDDR | ACh | ||
| RMDL | ACh | ||
| RMDR | ACh | ||
| RMDVL | ACh | ||
| RMDVR | ACh | ||
| RME | RMED | GABA | |
| RMEL | GABA | ||
| RMER | GABA | ||
| RMEV | GABA | ||
| RMF | RMFL | ACh | |
| RMFR | ACh | ||
| RMG | RMGL | Unknown (orphan) | |
| RMGR | Unknown (orphan) | ||
| RMH | RMHL | ACh | |
| RMHR | ACh | ||
| SAA | SAADL | ACh | |
| SAADR | ACh | ||
| SAAVL | ACh | ||
| SAAVR | ACh | ||
| SAB | SABD | ACh | Makes clear neuromuscular junctions |
| SABVL | ACh | ||
| SABVR | ACh | ||
| SDQ | SDQL | ACh | |
| SDQR | ACh | ||
| SIA | SIADL | ACh | Makes clear neuromuscular junctions |
| SIADR | ACh | ||
| SIAVL | ACh | ||
| SIAVR | ACh | ||
| SIB | SIBDL | ACh | Makes clear neuromuscular junctions |
| SIBDR | ACh | ||
| SIBVL | ACh | ||
| SIBVR | ACh | ||
| SMB | SMBDL | ACh | |
| SMBDR | ACh | ||
| SMBVL | ACh | ||
| SMBVR | ACh | ||
| SMD | SMDDL | ACh | |
| SMDDR | ACh | ||
| SMDVL | ACh | ||
| SMDVR | ACh | ||
| URA | URADL | ACh | Also a clear motor neuron |
| URADR | ACh | ||
| URAVL | ACh | ||
| URAVR | ACh | ||
| URB | URBL | ACh | |
| URBR | ACh | ||
| URX | URXL | ACh | |
| URXR | ACh | ||
| URY | URYDL | Glu | |
| URYDR | Glu | ||
| URYVL | Glu | ||
| URYVR | Glu | ||
| VA | VA1 | ACh | |
| VA2 | ACh | ||
| VA3 | ACh | ||
| VA4 | ACh | ||
| VA5 | ACh | ||
| VA6 | ACh | ||
| VA7 | ACh | ||
| VA8 | ACh | ||
| VA9 | ACh | ||
| VA10 | ACh | ||
| VA11 | ACh | ||
| VA12 | ACh | ||
| VB | VB1 | ACh | |
| VB2 | ACh | ||
| VB3 | ACh | ||
| VB4 | ACh | ||
| VB5 | ACh | ||
| VB6 | ACh | ||
| VB7 | ACh | ||
| VB8 | ACh | ||
| VB9 | ACh | ||
| VB10 | ACh | ||
| VB11 | ACh | ||
| VC | VC1 | ACh | |
| VC2 | ACh | ||
| VC3 | ACh | ||
| VC4 | ACh & 5HT | ||
| VC5 | ACh & 5HT | ||
| VC6 | ACh | ||
| VD | VD1 | GABA | |
| VD2 | GABA | ||
| VD3 | GABA | ||
| VD4 | GABA | ||
| VD5 | GABA | ||
| VD6 | GABA | ||
| VD7 | GABA | ||
| VD8 | GABA | ||
| VD9 | GABA | ||
| VD10 | GABA | ||
| VD11 | GABA | ||
| VD12 | GABA | ||
| VD13 | GABA | ||
| Summary for extrapharyngeal neurons | |||
| Sensory neuron: | Sensory neuron: | ||
| 38/104 classes | ACh: 9 classes | ||
| 87/282 total neurons | Glu: 22 | ||
| Motor neuron: | GABA: 0 | ||
| 24/104 | Aminergic: 3 (all Dopa) | ||
| 118/282 | Unknown: 4 (ASI, AWA, PVM, ALA) | ||
| Interneuron | Motor neuron: | ||
| 42/104 | ACh: 17 classes | ||
| 77/282 | Glu: 1 (RIM) | ||
| GABA: 5 | |||
| Aminergic: 0 | |||
| Unknown: 1 (RMG) | |||
| Interneuron: | |||
| ACh: 19 classes | |||
| Glu: 11 | |||
| GABA: 1 (RIS) | |||
| Aminergic: 2 (CAN, RIC) | |||
| Unknown: 9 | |||
| Pharyngeal neurons | |||
| I1 | I1L | ACh | Due to connectivity and rudimentary sensory endings, all polymodal |
| I1R | ACh | ||
| I2 | I2L | Glu | |
| I2R | Glu | ||
| I3 | I3 | ACh | |
| I4 | I4 | Unknown (orphan) | |
| I5 | I5 | Glu & 5HT | |
| I6 | I6 | Unknown (orphan) | |
| M1 | M1 | ACh | |
| M2 | M2L | ACh | |
| M2R | ACh | ||
| M3 | M3L | Glu | |
| M3R | Glu | ||
| M4 | M4 | ACh | |
| M5 | M5 | ACh | |
| MC | MCL | ACh | |
| MCR | ACh | ||
| MI | MI | Glu | |
| NSM | NSML | 5HT | |
| NSMR | 5HT | ||