Table 2.
Summary of animal models used to investigate the pathophysiology of progression after AKI
| Species | Method | Time Point | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model: I/R | ||||
| Male C57Bl/6J or Ve-Cadherin-Red Rosa reporter mice (8–10 wk old) | Bilateral ischemia (28 min, 36.5°C–37.5°C) | Day 56 | Fibrosis and capillary rarefaction | 15 |
| Male C57BL/6Jei × C3H/HeSnJ mice (6–8 wk old) | Unilateral ischemia (45 min, 37°C) | Day 28 | Fibrosis | 71 |
| Male C57BL/6J mice (8 wk old) | Bilateral ischemia (20 min, 37°C) | Day 21 | Fibrosis and inflammation | 34 |
| Male BALB/c mice (8 wk old) | Bilateral ischemia (30 min) | Day 16 | Fibrosis | 31 |
| Male BALB/c mice (8–10 wk old) | Bilateral ischemia (30 min, 37.0°C; moderate IRI or 32 min, 37.5°C; severe IRI) or unilateral ischemia (30 min, 37°C) | Day 42 | Fibrosis | 24 |
| Male CD-1 mice (30–45 g) | Unilateral ischemia (30 min, 37°C) | Day 14 | Fibrosis | 72 |
| Male CD-1 mice (35–45 g) | Unilateral ischemia (30 min, 37°C) | Days 7 and 21 | Fibrosis | 73 |
| Male Sprague–Dawley rats | Bilateral I/R | Days 28, 56, and 280 | Fibrosis, capillary rarefaction, hypertension | 16 |
| Male Sprague–Dawley rats (6–8 wk old) | Left unilateral ischemia (40 min, 37°C) 2 wk after right uninephrectomy and surgical excision of both poles of the left kidney (75% reduction of renal mass) or right uninephrectomy (50% reduction of renal mass) | Day 28 | Fibrosis, capillary rarefaction, hypertension | 74 |
| Male Sprague–Dawley rats | Unilateral ischemia; after reduction in renal mass by UNx of the intact kidney and exposure to elevated dietary salt at day 33 | Day 63 | Renal damage with dilated tubular structures and interstitial infiltration, hypertension | 75 |
| Male Sprague–Dawley rats | Bilateral ischemia (40 min, 37°C) | Days 7 and 33–37 | Fibrosis, inflammation, capillary loss, oxidative stress | 18,32 |
| Male large white pigs | Bilateral warm renal ischemia (90 min) or left unilateral warm renal ischemia (90 min) followed by a right nephrectomy | Month 3 | Fibrosis | 27 |
| Male large white pigs (31–38 kg) | Left warm renal ischemia (60 min) followed by a right nephrectomy | Month 3 | Fibrosis | 28 |
| Male large white pigs (31–38 kg) | Left warm renal ischemia (45, 60, or 90 min) followed by a right nephrectomy | Week 16 | Fibrosis | 29 |
| Model: DTRrenal epithelial cell mice | ||||
| Bigenic DTRrenal epithelial cell mice | Three injections of DT (0.15 μg/kg) at weekly intervals | Day 35 | Tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis | 76 |
| Model: Reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction | ||||
| C57BL/6 mice (6–8 wk old) | Right ureter was clamped followed by changing the position of the clip every 2 d during the obstruction period (≥3 d); function of the contralateral unmanipulated kidney was removed 7 d after RUOR by left UUO | Day 180 | Increases in BUN, fibrosis | 77 |
| Male FVB/N mice (10–12 wk old) | Left UUO for 10 d | Day 21 | Dilated proximal tubules and increased collagen deposition in tubulointerstitial areas | 78 |
| Model: Folic acid | ||||
| Male CD-1 mice (25–35 g) | ip injection of 250 mg/kg FA dissolved in 0.3 mm sodium bicarbonate | Day 14 | Inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial fibrosis | 79 |
DTR, diphtheria toxin receptor; IRI, ischemia reperfusion injury; UNx, unilateral nephrectomy; DT, diptheria toxin; RUOR, reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction; UUO, unilateral ureteral obstruction; FA, folic acid.