Table 1.
Summary statistics for use of reproductive health inputs − pooled data: 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008
| Variables | Contraceptive models | Variables | Antenatal and delivery | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | ||
| Modern contraception | 8,270 | 0.150 | 0.357 | Delivery assistance | 8,261 | 0.476 | 0.499 |
| Use of condoms only | 8,270 | 0.025 | 0.155 | Health facility | 8,259 | 0.458 | 0.498 |
| Other modern contracep | 8,270 | 0.125 | 0.331 | Woman’s age | |||
| Woman’s age | 15–19 (Ref) | 8,261 | 0.051 | 0.221 | |||
| 15–19 (1 = base) | 8,270 | 0.051 | 0.221 | 20–24 | 8,261 | 0.205 | 0.404 |
| 20–24 = (2) | 8,270 | 0.205 | 0.404 | 25–29 | 8,261 | 0.256 | 0.436 |
| 25–29 = (3) | 8,270 | 0.256 | 0.436 | 30–34 | 8,261 | 0.208 | 0.406 |
| 30–34 = (4) | 8,270 | 0.208 | 0.406 | 35–39 | 8,261 | 0.158 | 0.365 |
| 35–39 = (5) | 8,270 | 0.158 | 0.364 | 40–44 | 8,261 | 0.086 | 0.281 |
| 40–44 = (6) | 8,270 | 0.086 | 0.281 | 45–49 | 8,261 | 0.036 | 0.186 |
| 45–49 = (7) | 8,270 | 0.036 | 0.187 | Birth order | |||
| Woman’s education | One child (Ref) | 8,261 | 0.208 | 0.406 | |||
| No educ (1 = Base) | 8,270 | 0.418 | 0.493 | Two children | 8,261 | 0.195 | 0.396 |
| Primary = (2) | 8,270 | 0.276 | 0.447 | Three children | 8,261 | 0.158 | 0.365 |
| Secondary = (3) | 8,270 | 0.293 | 0.455 | Four and above | 8,261 | 0.438 | 0.496 |
| Tertiary = (4) | 8,270 | 0.013 | 0.115 | Woman’s education | |||
| Partner education | No educ (Ref) | 8,261 | 0.417 | 0.493 | |||
| No educ (1 = Base) | 8,270 | 0.328 | 0.469 | Primary | 8,261 | 0.276 | 0.447 |
| Primary = (2) | 8,270 | 0.168 | 0.374 | Secondary | 8,261 | 0.294 | 0.455 |
| Secondary = (3) | 8,270 | 0.400 | 0.490 | Tertiary | 8,261 | 0.013 | 0.115 |
| Tertiary = (4) | 8,270 | 0.063 | 0.243 | Partner education | |||
| Marriage dummy | 8,270 | 0.896 | 0.306 | No educ (Ref) | 8,261 | 0.327 | 0.469 |
| Muslim dummy | 8,270 | 0.324 | 0.468 | Primary | 8,261 | 0.168 | 0.374 |
| Ethnicity | Secondary | 8,261 | 0.400 | 0.490 | |||
| Akan (1 = Base) | 8,270 | 0.424 | 0.494 | Tertiary | 8,261 | 0.063 | 0.243 |
| Ga/Dangme = (2) | 8,270 | 0.061 | 0.239 | Missing Husb. Dummy | 8,261 | 0.042 | 0.200 |
| Ewe and Guans = (3) | 8,270 | 0.145 | 0.352 | Muslim dummy | 8,261 | 0.324 | 0.468 |
| North ethnicities = (4) | 8,270 | 0.328 | 0.470 | Ethnicity | |||
| Others = (5) | 8,270 | 0.042 | 0.200 | Akan (Ref) | 8,261 | 0.424 | 0.494 |
| Household wealth | Ga/Dangme | 8,261 | 0.061 | 0.240 | |||
| Poorest (1 = Base) | 8,270 | 0.288 | 0.453 | Ewe and Guans | 8,261 | 0.145 | 0.352 |
| Poorer = (2) | 8,270 | 0.217 | 0.412 | North ethnicities | 8,261 | 0.328 | 0.469 |
| Middle = (3) | 8,270 | 0.183 | 0.387 | Others | 8,261 | 0.042 | 0.200 |
| Richer = (4) | 8,270 | 0.171 | 0.377 | Number of elderly | 8,261 | 1.382 | 0.716 |
| Richest = (5) | 8,270 | 0.141 | 0.348 | Household wealth | |||
| Ecological zones | Poorest (Ref) | 8,261 | 0.288 | 0.453 | |||
| Southern belt (1 = Base) | 8,270 | 0.253 | 0.435 | Poorer | 8,261 | 0.217 | 0.412 |
| Capital city = (2) | 8,270 | 0.092 | 0.288 | Middle | 8,261 | 0.183 | 0.387 |
| Middle belt = (3) | 8,270 | 0.356 | 0.479 | Richer | 8,261 | 0.171 | 0.377 |
| Northern belt = (4) | 8,270 | 0.299 | 0.458 | Richest | 8,261 | 0.141 | 0.348 |
| Rural dummy | 8,270 | 0.708 | 0.454 | Ecological zones | |||
| NSCPHGW | 8,270 | 0.391 | 0.393 | Southern belt (Ref) | 8,261 | 0.253 | 0.435 |
| NSCPHFT | 8,270 | 0.058 | 0.165 | Capital city | 8,261 | 0.092 | 0.288 |
| NSCPCCV | 8,270 | 0.717 | 0.179 | Middle belt | 8,261 | 0.357 | 0.479 |
| No. of living children | Northern belt | 8,261 | 0.299 | 0.458 | |||
| No child (1 = Base) | 8,270 | 0.003 | 0.052 | Rural dummy | 8,261 | 0.708 | 0.455 |
| One child = (2) | 8,270 | 0.233 | 0.423 | NSCPHGW | 8,261 | 0.391 | 0.393 |
| Two children = (3) | 8,270 | 0.214 | 0.410 | NSCPHFT | 8,261 | 0.058 | 0.165 |
| Three children = (4) | 8,270 | 0.170 | 0.376 | NSCPCCV | 8,261 | 0.717 | 0.179 |
| Four and above = (5) | 8,270 | 0.380 | 0.486 | Year | |||
| Year | 1993 dummy | 8,261 | 0.219 | 0.413 | |||
| 1993 dummy (1 = Base) | 8,270 | 0.219 | 0.413 | 1998 dummy | 8,261 | 0.256 | 0.436 |
| 1998 dummy = (2) | 8,270 | 0.256 | 0.436 | 2003 dummy | 8,261 | 0.291 | 0.454 |
| 2003 dummy = (3) | 8,270 | 0.291 | 0.454 | 2008 dummy | 8,261 | 0.235 | 0.424 |
| 2008 dummy = (4) | 8,270 | 0.235 | 0.424 | Sample dummy | |||
| Timing of 1st antenatal | 7514 | ||||||
| No. antenatal visits | 8083 | ||||||
Source: Authors’ calculations. Calculations take account of sample weights. Note that the models on timing of 1st antenatal visits and number of antenatal visits are based on slightly different samples per the sample dummy. NSCPHGW, NSCPHFT and NSCPCCV are the non-self-cluster proportion of households with good water, non-self-cluster proportion of households with flush toilets, and non-self cluster proportion of children under five with complete vaccination, respectively. The values in parentheses next to the variables are the definitional codes. Note, partner’s education includes a 5th category (missing husbands), which is excluded from the table. This was added to cater for women who do not have partners and would otherwise have been dropped from the regressions