Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Active Cancer and Venous Thromboembolism - Cases and Controls.
| Baseline Characteristic | Cases (n=570) |
Controls (n=604) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 68.5 (14.7) | 69.2 (14.0) |
| Female, n (%) | 279 (49.0) | 296 (49.0) |
| Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.3 (6.5) | 25.5 (5.1) |
| BMI <18.5 kg/m2 (Underweight), n (%) | 66 (11.6) | 37 (6.1) |
| BMI 18.5-25 kg/m2 (Normal), n (%) | 225 (39.5) | 253 (41.9) |
| BMI 25-30 kg/m2 (Overweight), n (%) | 175 (30.7) | 220 (36.4) |
| BMI 30-35 kg/m2 (Obese class I), n (%) | 67 (11.8) | 68 (11.3) |
| BMI >35 kg/m2 (Obese class II-III), n (%) | 37 (6.5) | 26 (4.3) |
| Cancer site VTE risk score*†, median (inter quartile range) |
12.6 (7.9, 19.8) | 8.6 (7.9, 13.9) |
| Stage*, n (%) | ||
| 0 | 7 (1.2) | 26 (4.3) |
| 1 | 137 (22.7) | 214 (35.5) |
| 2 | 117 (19.4) | 120 (19.9) |
| 3 | 122 (20.2) | 102 (16.9) |
| 4 | 221 (36.6) | 140 (23.3) |
| Stage progression*, n (%) | 148 (24.7) | 100 (16.6) |
| Metastasis to liver*, n (%) | 141 (23.5) | 48 (8.0) |
| Metastasis to bone*, n (%) | 97 (16.1) | 66 (11.0) |
| Tumor grade 3 or 4*, n (%) | 394 (66.2) | 321 (55.3) |
| Chemotherapy‡, n (%) | 166 (29.2) | 108 (17.9) |
| Alkylators§ | 67 (11.8) | 59 (9.8) |
| Antimetabolites§ | 78 (13.7) | 37 (6.2) |
| Anthracyclines§ | 44 (7.8) | 21 (3.5) |
| Alkaloids§ | 33 (5.8) | 20 (3.3) |
| Platinum§ | 35 (6.2) | 20 (3.3) |
| Hormonal modulators§ | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.5) |
| Immunomodulators§ | 4 (0.7) | 3 (0.5) |
| Other§ | 73 (12.8) | 54 (9.0) |
| Radiation therapy‡, n (%) | 54 (9.5) | 32 (5.3) |
| Tamoxifen‡, n (%) | 24 (4.2) | 19 (3.2) |
| Estrogen/ Oral Contraceptives‡, n (%) | 26 (4.6) | 27 (4.5) |
| Women only, n (%) | 18 (6.5) | 24 (8.1) |
| Progestins‡, n (%) | 44 (7.7) | 28 (4.6) |
| Women only, n (%) | 27 (9.7) | 24 (8.1) |
| Diethyl stilbesterol‡, n (%) | 17 (3.0) | 18 (3.0) |
| Trauma/fracture‡, n (%) | 32 (5.6) | 16 (2.6) |
| Hospitalized∥, n (%) | 392 (68.8) | 206 (34.1) |
| ICU stay, n (%) | 78 (14.2) | 20 (3.4) |
| General surgery, n (%) | 131 (23.0) | 98 (16.2) |
| Neurological surgery, n (%) | 12 (2.1) | 2 (0.3) |
| Orthopedic surgery, n (%) | 19 (3.3) | 4 (0.7) |
| Gynecologic surgery¶, n (%) | 21 (7.5) | 12 (4.0) |
| Any anesthesia‡, n (%) | 245 (43.0) | 163 (27.0) |
| General anesthesia, n (%) | 181 (31.8) | 119 (19.7) |
| Epidural and spinal anesthesia, n (%) | 64 (11.2) | 44 (7.3) |
| Nursing home confinement‡, n (%) | 22 (3.9) | 20 (3.3) |
| Neurological disease with leg paresis, n (%) | 40 (7.0) | 7 (1.2) |
| Immobilization‡, n (%) | 60 (10.5) | 17 (2.8) |
| Central venous catheter‡, n (%) | 66 (11.6) | 11 (1.8) |
| Varicose veins, n (%) | 159 (27.9) | 145 (24.0) |
| Prior superficial vein thrombosis, n (%) | 79 (13.9) | 49 (8.1) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 62 (11.0) | 71 (11.8) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 133 (23.5) | 157 (26.0) |
| Lipid lowering drugs‡, n (%) | 19 (3.4) | 30 (5.0) |
| Statins, n (%) | 10 (1.8) | 24 (4.2) |
| Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 17 (3.0) | 5 (0.8) |
| Autoimmune connective tissue disease#, n (%) | 16 (2.8) | 7 (1.2) |
| Any heart disease, n (%) | 192 (33.7) | 173 (28.6) |
| Lung disease/ pulmonary hypertension, n (%) | 130 (22.8) | 131 (21.7) |
| Any infection‡, n (%) | 227 (39.8) | 100 (16.6) |
| Ever Smoker, n (%) | 303 (53.2) | 341 (56.5) |
| Anticoagulation use‡, n (%) | 24 (4.2) | 16 (2.6) |
Thirty-one of VTE cases had more than one cancer primary site (34 cancers), and each primary site was matched to a control, matching on age (± 5 years), sex, cancer diagnosis date (± 5 years), and duration of prior medical history (± 5 years). The cancer specific characteristics are based on the 604 total malignancies as these elements were collected for each of malignancy diagnoses.
The Cancer site VTE risk score is the cancer site standardized morbidity ratio for VTE (see Table 2. [34])
Within 92 days prior to the VTE event/ index date.
The subclasses of chemotherapy do not add up to 100%, as subjects could be on combination chemotherapy.
In hospital or within 92 days of previous hospitalization compared to no hospitalization in the past 92 days. Includes patients hospitalized with surgery or for acute medical illness.
Among women only (279 cases, 296 controls)
includes rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma