Table 2.
MCI | Dementia | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
Amnestic β [95%CI] (P-value) |
Non-amnestic β [95%CI] (P-value) |
Mild | Moderate | |||
| ||||||
AD β [95%CI] (P-value) |
Non-AD β [95%CI] (P-value) |
AD β [95%CI] (P-value) |
Non-AD β [95%CI] (P-value) |
|||
Walking speed | −4.70 [−8.65; −0.75] (0.020) | −8.97 [−11.65; −6.29] (<0.001) | −13.54 [−17.28; −9.79] (<0.001) | −16.23 [−20.50; −11.96] (<0.001) | −17.76 [−21.73; −13.79] (<0.001) | −23.32 [−28.14; −18.50] (<0.001) |
Stride length | ||||||
Mean value | −3.19 [−6.66;0.28] (0.072) | −7.65 [−10.00; −5.30] (<0.001) | −11.16 [−14.45; −7.87] (<0.001) | −14.85 [−18.56; −11.10] (<0.001) | −17.09 [−20.56; −13.60] (<0.001) | −22.88 [−27.11; −18.65] (<0.001) |
Cov | 0.30 [−0.27;0.86] (0.301) | 0.78 [0.40;1.16] (<0.001) | 1.29 [0.76;1.82] (<0.001) | 2.26 [1.65;1.87] (<0.001) | 2.57 [2.01;3.14] (<0.001) | 2.78 [2.09;3.46] (<0.001) |
Stride time | ||||||
Mean value | 0.03 [0.00;0.06] (0.050) | 0.04 [0.02;0.06] (0.001) | 0.06 [0.03;0.09] (<0.001) | 0.06 [0.02;0.09] (0.001) | 0.06 [0.02;0.09] (<0.001) | 0.09 [0.05;0.013] (<0.001) |
Cov | 0.43 [−0.11;0.96] (0.115) | 0.83 [0.47;1.19] (<0.001) | 1.06 [0.55;1.56] (<0.001) | 1.31 [0.73;1.89] (<0.001) | 1.75 [1.21;2.28] (<0.001) | 2.07 [1.42;2.72] (<0.001) |
Swing time | ||||||
Mean value | 0.01 [−0.00;0.02] (0.112) | 0.01 [−0.00;.0.01] (0.128) | 0.01 [0.00;0.02] (0.007) | 0.00 [−0.01;0.01] (0.586) | 0.00 [−0.00;0.02] (0.977) | 0.00 [−0.01;0.02] (0.559) |
Cov | 0.40 [−0.78;1.57] (0.507) | 0.089 [0.09;1.68] (0.028) | 1.70 [0.59;2.81] (0.003) | 1.43 [0.17;2.70] (0.027) | 3.35 [2.17;4.52] (<0.001) | 3.61 [2.18;50.4] (<0.001) |
Stance time | ||||||
Mean value | 0.02 [−0.00;0.05] (0.064) | 0.03 [0.01;0.05] (<0.001) | 0.04 [0.02;0.07] (<0.001) | 0.06 [0.03;0.08] (<0.001) | 0.06 [0.03;0.08] (<0.001) | 0.09 [0.06;0.12] (<0.001) |
Cov | 0.61 [0.03;1.20] (0.039) | 1.08 [0.69;1.48] (<0.001) | 0.97 [0.42;1.52] (0.001) | 1.57 [0.94;2.20] (<0.001) | 1.48 [0.89;2.06] (<0.001) | 2.34 [1.63;3.05] (<0.001) |
Single support time | ||||||
Mean value | 0.01 [−0.00;0.02] (0.100) | 0.01 [−0.00;0.01] (0.122) | 0.01 [0.00;0.02] (0.007) | 0.00 [−0.01;0.01] (0.579) | 0.00 [−0.01;0.01] (0.873) | 0.00 [−0.01;0.02] (0.480) |
Cov | 0.33 [−0.82;1.49] (0.569) | 0.87 [0.09;1.65] (0.029) | 1.66 [0.56;2.75] (0.003) | 1.38 [0.13;2.62] (0.030) | 3.12 [1.97;4.28] (<0.001) | 3.45 [20.5;4.86] (<0.001) |
Double support time | ||||||
Mean value | 0.02 [−0.01;0.04] (0.132) | 0.03 [0.02;0.06] (<0.001) | 0.04 [0.02;0.06] (<0.001) | 0.05 [0.03;0.08] (<0.001) | 0.06 [0.04;0.08] (<0.001) | 0.09 [0.06;0.11] (<0.001) |
Cov | 0.54 [−0.43;1.51] (0.276) | 1.37 [0.71;2.02] (<0.001) | 2.14 [1.22;30.6] (<0.001) | 2.02 [0.98;3.07] (<0.001) | 3.20 [2.22;4.17] (<0.001) | 2.90 [1.72;4.08] (<0.001) |
Stride width | ||||||
Mean value | 0.12 [−0.54;0.78] (0.724) | 0.35 [−0.10;0.80] (0.122) | 0.13 [−0.49;0.76] (0.676) | 1.36 [0.64;2.07] (<0.001) | 1.02 [0.36;1.68] (0.003) | 1.68 [0.88;2.49] (<0.001) |
Cov | 0.64 [−2.43;3.72] (0.682) | −0.72 [−2.81;1.37] (0.499) | −0.90 [−3.82;2.01] (0.544) | −4.10 [−7.42; −0.77] (0.016) | −3.14 [−6.23; −0.05] (0.046) | −5.32 [−9.08; −1.58] (0.005) |
Stride velocity | ||||||
Mean value | −4.54 [−8.53; −0.56] (0.025) | −8.87 [−11.56; −6.16] (<0.001) | −13.40 [−17.17; −9.62] (<0.001) | −16.04 [−20.34; −11.73] (<0.001) | −17.62 [−21.62; −13.62] (<0.001) | −23.19 [−28.05; −18.33] (<0.001) |
Cov | 0.73 [0.13;1.34] (0.018) | 1.18 [0.77;1.59] (<0.001) | 1.73 [1.16;2.31] (<0.001) | 2.79 [2.14;3.45] (<0.001) | 2.85 [2.25;3.46] (<0.001) | 3.38 [2.64;4.12] (<0.001) |
CHI cognitively healthy individuals; MCI: mild cognitive impairment; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; CoV: coefficient of variation; CI: confidence interval;
separated model for each gait parameter with each model adjusted on age, gender, number of drugs taken per day, body mass index, use of psychoactive drugs, depression symptoms and history of falls; β: coefficient of regression indicating a decrease or increase in value of gait parameter associated with cognitive decline, the reference group being cognitively healthy individuals; P-value significant (i.e., P < 0.05) indicated in bold.