Table 2.
PedsQL parent/carer scores by study group
| Domain | Study groupa | Unadjusted mean score (SD) | Adjusted mean scoreb (SE) | 95 % confidence intervalc | MANCOVA | Effect size (δ) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F test | df | P value | ADHD vs Control | ADHD vs T1DM | ||||||
| Physical functioning | ADHD | 73.7 (18.6) | 73.4 (1.4) | 70.7, 76.2 | 24.2 | 2, 327 | <0.001 | ADHD < Control, T1DM | 0.96 | 0.90 |
| T1DM | 87.8 (12.9) | 87.0 (3.0) | 81.1, 92.9 | |||||||
| Control | 89.3 (14.1) | 90.1 (2.1) | 86.0, 94.1 | |||||||
| Emotional functioning | ADHD | 53.4 (22.2) | 53.0 (1.7) | 49.7, 56.3 | 53.6 | 2, 327 | <0.001 | ADHD < Control, T1DM | 1.46 | 1.27 |
| T1DM | 77.3 (16.0) | 76.3 (3.6) | 69.3, 83.4 | |||||||
| Control | 81.6 (17.1) | 82.9 (2.5) | 78.0, 87.8 | |||||||
| Social functioning | ADHD | 62.9 (25.5) | 62.5 (1.8) | 58.9, 66.1 | 45.0 | 2, 327 | <0.001 | ADHD < Control, T1DM | 1.38 | 1.18 |
| T1DM | 87.5 (16.6) | 85.8 (3.9) | 78.2, 93.4 | |||||||
| Control | 90.2 (14.5) | 91.8 (2.7) | 86.5, 97.0 | |||||||
| School functioning | ADHD | 52.2 (21.2) | 52.0 (1.5) | 49.0, 55.1 | 92.9 | 2, 327 | <0.001 | ADHD < T1DM < Controld | 2.08 | 1.50 |
| T1DM | 79.5 (16.0) | 78.0 (3.2) | 71.5, 84.4 | |||||||
| Control | 87.7 (14.1) | 88.6 (2.3) | 84.2, 93.1 | |||||||
| Total score | ADHD | 62.1 (16.5) | 61.8 (1.2) | 59.4, 64.2 | 78.8 | 2, 327 | <0.001 | ADHD < Control, T1DM | 1.61 | 1.51 |
| T1DM | 83.8 (12.5) | 82.6 (2.6) | 77.5, 87.8 | |||||||
| Control | 87.2 (11.8) | 88.2 (1.8) | 84.6, 91.8 | |||||||
ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, df degrees of freedom, MANCOVA multivariate analysis of covariance, PedsQL Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory, SD standard deviation, SE standard error, T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus
a n = 206 in ADHD group, n = 54 in T1DM group and n = 110 in control group
bAdjusted for age and socioeconomic status
cFor adjusted mean score
dEffect size (δ): T1DM vs control (School functioning) = 0.55