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. 2015 Jun 9;25:261–271. doi: 10.1007/s00787-015-0728-y

Table 2.

PedsQL parent/carer scores by study group

Domain Study groupa Unadjusted mean score (SD) Adjusted mean scoreb (SE) 95 % confidence intervalc MANCOVA Effect size (δ)
F test df P value ADHD vs Control ADHD vs T1DM
Physical functioning ADHD 73.7 (18.6) 73.4 (1.4) 70.7, 76.2 24.2 2, 327 <0.001 ADHD < Control, T1DM 0.96 0.90
T1DM 87.8 (12.9) 87.0 (3.0) 81.1, 92.9
Control 89.3 (14.1) 90.1 (2.1) 86.0, 94.1
Emotional functioning ADHD 53.4 (22.2) 53.0 (1.7) 49.7, 56.3 53.6 2, 327 <0.001 ADHD < Control, T1DM 1.46 1.27
T1DM 77.3 (16.0) 76.3 (3.6) 69.3, 83.4
Control 81.6 (17.1) 82.9 (2.5) 78.0, 87.8
Social functioning ADHD 62.9 (25.5) 62.5 (1.8) 58.9, 66.1 45.0 2, 327 <0.001 ADHD < Control, T1DM 1.38 1.18
T1DM 87.5 (16.6) 85.8 (3.9) 78.2, 93.4
Control 90.2 (14.5) 91.8 (2.7) 86.5, 97.0
School functioning ADHD 52.2 (21.2) 52.0 (1.5) 49.0, 55.1 92.9 2, 327 <0.001 ADHD < T1DM < Controld 2.08 1.50
T1DM 79.5 (16.0) 78.0 (3.2) 71.5, 84.4
Control 87.7 (14.1) 88.6 (2.3) 84.2, 93.1
Total score ADHD 62.1 (16.5) 61.8 (1.2) 59.4, 64.2 78.8 2, 327 <0.001 ADHD < Control, T1DM 1.61 1.51
T1DM 83.8 (12.5) 82.6 (2.6) 77.5, 87.8
Control 87.2 (11.8) 88.2 (1.8) 84.6, 91.8

ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, df degrees of freedom, MANCOVA multivariate analysis of covariance, PedsQL Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory, SD standard deviation, SE standard error, T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus

a n = 206 in ADHD group, n = 54 in T1DM group and n = 110 in control group

bAdjusted for age and socioeconomic status

cFor adjusted mean score

dEffect size (δ): T1DM vs control (School functioning) = 0.55