Table 3.

PedsQL child scores by study group

Domain	Study groupa	Unadjusted mean score (SD)	Adjusted mean scoreb (SE)	95 % confidence intervalc	MANCOVA				Effect size (δ)
					F test	df	P value		ADHD vs Control	ADHD vs T1DM
Physical functioning	ADHD	79.0 (15.7)	78.3 (1.2)	76.0, 80.7	14.2	2, 321	<0.001	ADHD < Control, T1DM	0.57	0.60
	T1DM	87.4 (12.2)	86.8 (2.5)	81.8, 91.7
	Control	87.7 (14.9)	89.3 (1.8)	85.8, 92.7
Emotional functioning	ADHD	69.5 (21.7)	68.9 (1.7)	65.6, 72.2	14.9	2, 321	<0.001	ADHD < Control, T1DM	0.75	0.45
	T1DM	78.7 (19.2)	77.4 (3.4)	70.7, 84.2
	Control	83.5 (15.6)	85.2 (2.4)	80.5, 90.0
Social functioning	ADHD	76.0 (22.5)	75.0 (1.7)	71.6, 78.3	14.8	2, 321	<0.001	ADHD < Control, T1DM	0.62	0.59
	T1DM	86.9 (14.3)	85.3 (3.5)	78.4, 92.2
	Control	88.5 (18.0)	91.2 (2.5)	86.3, 96.0
School functioning	ADHD	60.8 (21.8)	61.0 (1.7)	57.7, 64.4	32.8	2, 321	<0.001	ADHD < T1DM < Controld	1.37	0.61
	T1DM	73.7 (20.8)	73.5 (3.5)	66.6, 80.4
	Control	86.3 (16.0)	86.0 (2.5)	81.1, 90.9
Total score	ADHD	72.1 (15.5)	71.5 (1.2)	69.2, 73.9	30.7	2, 321	<0.001	ADHD < T1DM < Controld	1.07	0.72
	T1DM	82.2 (12.4)	81.3 (2.4)	76.5, 86.1
	Control	86.6 (11.8)	88.0 (1.7)	84.6, 91.4

ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, df degrees of freedom, MANCOVA multivariate analysis of covariance, PedsQL Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory, SD standard deviation, SE standard error, T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus

^a n = 174 in ADHD group, n = 45 in T1DM group and n = 106 in control group

^bAdjusted for age and socioeconomic status

^cFor adjusted mean score

^dEffect size (δ): T1DM vs control (School functioning) = 0.69, T1DM vs control (total score) = 0.36