Table 4.

Statistical analysis of petal flavonoid concentrations. ANOVA results and pairwise Tukey post-hoc analyses for significant differences of flavonoid concentrations among the three color morphs (dark pink, light pink, and white). Tukey post-hoc tests were only performed on flavonoids with significant ANOVA. Significant Tukey post-hoc results (p < 0.05) are indicated in bold.

Flavonoid	ANOVA F-statistics	Pairwise Tukey post-hoc p-values
		White—Light	White—Dark	Light—Dark
Cyanidina	14.18***	0.046	0.001	0.024
Rutin	19.71***	0.001	0.002	0.120
Quercetin	5.56*	0.015	0.108	0.390
Luteolinb	3.10	–	–	–
Apigenin	3.72	–	–	–
Isovitexin	10.25**	0.002	0.022	0.243

^aThe three cyanidin derivatives were pooled in the ANOVA because our MS/MS quantification cannot differentiate among them.

^bLuteolin and isoorientin (luteolin hexoside) were pooled for the same reason.

^*P < 0.05;

^**P < 0.01;

^***P < 0.001.