Table 1. Quantification of the growth kinetics data of wild type and relaxed BW25113 E. coli.

Figure	Initial	Wash	Outgrowth	Doubling time, min		Lag phase, h
	medium	step	medium	ΔrelA	wt	ΔrelA	wt
S1A	LB	NA	NA	26 ± 0.4	25 ± 0.3	NA	NA
1A	LB	−	LB	39 ± 0.1	40 ± 1	0.2 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.1
1E	LB	+	LB	36 ± 1	40 ± 1	−0.1 ± 0.01	0.2 ± 0.1
1C	M9	−	LB	37 ± 1	37 ± 2	0.03 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.05
S1B	M9	NA	NA	58 ± 1	67 ± 2	NA	NA
1B	M9	−	M9	82 ± 7	70 ± 3	4.5 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.03
5A	M9	+	M9	102 ± 0.5	68 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.5
1F	LB	−	M9	91 ± 3	94 ± 7	3.6 ± 0.07	1.7 ± 0.3
1D	LB	+	M9	82 ± 2	87 ± 6	9.1 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.5
2B	M9	−	M9 + AA	43 ± 0.3	44 ± 1	0.4 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.06
5B	M9	+	M9gly	109 ± 5	123 ± 3	3.8 ± 0.3	2.9 ± 0.2
S3	M9	−	M9gly + AA	77 ± 3	73 ± 3	1.0 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.1

Lag phase is estimated by fitting the data points used to estimate the doubling time to an exponential growth model as per Monod²¹. M9glc corresponds to M9 medium supplemented with 0.4% glucose; AA indicates to the addition of the 20 amino acids set; gly indicates substitution of glucose for glycerol. Detailed description of the media composition and growth conditions is provided in the corresponding Figure legends. Bold letters indicate the step for which the parameters are quantified. NA signifies that corresponding parameter is not applicable for the experiment. SEM is rounded up to one significant digit. Results are reported as mean values of biological replicates (n ≥ 3), ± standard error of the mean.